(Juss. ex Aubl.) C. Baker, Asteraceae
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(Juss. ex Aubl.) C. Baker, Asteraceae |
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Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Threat only at high elevations? no
Other Latin names: Elephantopus spicatus Juss. ex Aubl.
Common name(s): [more details]
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Chamorro: papago |
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English: false elephant foot, spike elephantopus, tobacco weed, Yasawa tobacco weed |
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French: faux tabac des Samoa |
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Maori (Cook Islands): tapuae ‘erepani |
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Samoan: vao elefane, vao maligi, vao malini |
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Spanish: hierba de caballo |
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Tahitian: ava‘a, ava‘ava, ava‘ava ha‘avare, rau‘ara nu‘a |
Habit: herb
Description: "Coarse erect herb with tomentose stems to 60 cm tall, and linear-lanceolate leaves 2-8 cm long, up to 1.8 cm wide, apically blunt, margins undulate, surface pilose, dull olive-green; base tapered; lowest leaves somewhat obovate; heads clustered in leaf axils, sessile, combined into a seemingly terminal spike; involucral bracts oblong, acute-apiculate, the inner ones longer (about 1 cm); corollas all tubular, white, 7 mm long, with linear lobes; achenes pubescent, glandular, 6-7 mm long; two longest pappus bristles S-curved at the apex" (Stone, 1970; p. 593).
Habitat/ecology: "In Guam chiefly in the savannahs in overgrazed areas" (Stone, 1970; p. 593). In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in relatively dry areas" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 310). In Fiji, "occurring near sea level as a vigorous weed in pastoral, plantation, and agricultural lands, along roadsides, and on the sea coast" (Smith, 1991; p. 261). "Common in disturbed places, especially in lawns" (Whistler, 1988; p. 11).
Propagation: Seed
Native range: Tropical America, now pantropical (Stone, 1970; p. 593).
Presence:
| Pacific | |||
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Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
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American Samoa
American Samoa Islands |
American Samoa Islands | Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 64) | |
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Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Agrigan (Agrihan) Island |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 290) |
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Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Agrigan (Agrihan) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 43)
Vouchers cited: Fosberg 31595 (US), Falanruw 2165 (US) |
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Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Saipan Island |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 290) |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
‘Atiu Island | McCormack, Gerald (2007) | |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Mangaia Island | McCormack, Gerald (2007) | |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Ma‘uke Island | McCormack, Gerald (2007) | |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Miti‘aro Island | McCormack, Gerald (2007) | |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Rarotonga Island | McCormack, Gerald (2007) | |
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Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Floreana Group |
Floreana Island |
introduced
invasive |
Charles Darwin Research Station (2005) |
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Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Isabela Group |
Volcan Sierra Negra |
introduced
invasive |
Charles Darwin Research Station (2005) |
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Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
San Cristóbal Group |
San Cristóbal Island |
introduced
invasive |
Charles Darwin Research Station (2005) |
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Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Santa Cruz Group |
Santa Cruz Island |
introduced
invasive |
Charles Darwin Research Station (2005) |
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Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Viti Levu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 261-262)
Vouchers cited: Greenwood 1132, DA 14362 |
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Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Yasawas Island |
introduced
invasive |
Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 261-262)
Vouchers cited: DA 11767, DA 11764, DA 13279 |
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French Polynesia
French Polynesia Islands |
French Polynesia Islands | Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 64) | |
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French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Marquesas Islands |
introduced
invasive |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 75) |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Huahine Island |
introduced
invasive |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 75)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 61111 |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Maupiti (Maurua) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 69)
Vouchers cited: Raynal 17822, Fosberg 64827 (US), Morris 22 (US) |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Moorea Island |
introduced
invasive |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 75)
Voucher cited: Florence 4735 |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
introduced
invasive |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 75)
Voucher cited: BRY 24823 |
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Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
invasive |
Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 593) |
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Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 290) |
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State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Hawai‘i (Big) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 310, 1860) |
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State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kaua‘i Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 310, 1860) |
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State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 310, 1860) |
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State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
O‘ahu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 310, 1860)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 10895 (BISH) |
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New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
introduced
invasive |
Tassin, Jacques (2005) |
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New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
introduced
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MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 37)
Voucher cited: MacKee 23849 |
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Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive |
Sykes, W. R. (1970) (pp. 67-68)
Voucher cited: CHR 169989 |
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Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive |
Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 11) |
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Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 46) |
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Philippines
Philippine Islands |
Philippine Islands | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 297) | |
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Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Savai‘i Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. Field notes.) |
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Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Western Samoa Islands | Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 11) | |
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Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands |
Solomon Islands | Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 64) | |
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Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
Tongatapu Island | Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 11) | |
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Vanuatu
New Hebrides Islands |
Vanuatu (Republic of) | Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 96) | |
Control:
Chemical: "Sensitive to picloram and dicamba, moderately so to triclopyr and metsulfuron" (Motooka et al., 2003).
Additional information: Information from the book "Weeds
of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide"
(Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).
Additional online information about Pseudelephantopus spicatus is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).
Taxonomic information about Pseudelephantopus spicatus may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
References:
Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.
Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.
Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1975. Vascular flora of the northern Marianas Islands. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 22:1-45.
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1987. Flora of Maupiti, Society Islands. The Smithsonian Institution. Atoll Research Bulletin 294:1-70.
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.
Haselwood, E. L./Motter, G. G. 1983. Handbook of Hawaiian Weeds. Second edition, revised and expanded by Robert T. Hirano. University of Hawaii Press. 491 pp.
Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp.
MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.
McCormack, Gerald. 2007. Cook Islands biodiversity and natural heritage. On-line database.
Motooka, Philip/Castro, Luisa/Nelson, Duane/ Nagai, Guy/Ching, Lincoln. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa. 184 pp.
Smith, Albert C. 1991. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 5. 626 pp.
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2002. Report to the Government of Samoa on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 83 pp.
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate. 2004. Report to the Government of Niue and the United Nations Development Programme: Invasive plant species on Niue following Cyclone Heta. UNDP NIU/98/G31 - Niue Enabling Activity. 80 pp.
Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.
Swarbrick, John T. 1997. Weeds of the Pacific Islands. Technical paper no. 209. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 124 pp.
Sykes, W. R. 1970. Contributions to the flora of Niue. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 200, Wellington. 321 pp.
Tassin, Jacques. 2005. Jacques Tassin (IAC-CIRAD), personal communication.
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2007. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).
Waterhouse, D. F. 1997. The major invertebrate pests and weeds of agriculture and plantation forestry in the Southern and Western Pacific. The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 93 pp.
Welsh, S. L. 1998. Flora Societensis: A summary revision of the flowering plants of the Society Islands. E.P.S. Inc., Orem, Utah. 420 pp.
Whistler, W. A. 1984. Annotated list of Samoan plant names. Economic Botany 38:464.489.
Whistler, W. A. 1988. Checklist of the weed flora of western Polynesia. Technical Paper No. 194, South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 69 pp.
Wiggins, I. L./Porter, D. M. 1971. Flora of the Galapágos Islands. Stanford University Press. 998 pp.