Portulaca oleracea L., Portulacaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Common name(s): [more details]

Bicolano: alusiman

Bontoc: dupdupil

Chamorro: bodulagas, botdolagas, donkulu

English: common purslane, pigweed, purselane, purslane, sun plant, wild purslane

Fijian: taukuka ni vuaka, taukuku ni vuaka

French: pourpier, pourpier potager

Hawaiian: ‘ākulikuli kula, ‘ākulikuli lau li‘i, ‘ihi

Hindi: amlonia

I-Kiribati: te boi

Ifugao: bakbakad

Ilocano: ngalug

Japanese: suberihiyu

Mangarevan: pōkea papa‘ā

Maori (Cook Islands): pōkea papa‘ā

Marquesan: pokea, pokea, pokea, pokea

Marshallese: kûrañ, kuran, marmilyan

Nauruan: debois, deboiy

Niuean: kamole

Palauan: bungaruau ra sers

Pangasinan: kantataba

Pukapukan: ongoongo

Samoan: tamole, tamole

Satawalese: erkul

Spanish: verdolaga

Tagalog: golasiman, ulasiman

Tahitian: aturi, tatahi

Tongan: tamole

Tongarevan (written): katuri

Tuamotuan: pokea, pōkea papa‘ā

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Prostrate, usually annual herbs; stems 1-2 dm long, profusely branched.  Leaves alternate or subopposite, cuneate to obovate, 10-25 (-40) mm long, 5-15 (-20) mm wide, sessile, with an inconspicuous tuft of hairs ca. 1 mm long in the axil. Flowers 2-6 (-30) in cymose clusters; sepals 3-4 (-8) mm long, keeled; petals (4) 5, yellow, broadly obovate, 3-10 mm long; stamens 7-10 (-15); style (4) 5-branched.  Capsules ca. 4 mm long, circumscissile 1/3-1/2 from base.  Seeds black, glossy, ca. 0.5-0.6 mm in diameter, the surface granulate, cells of the testa with fine tubercles"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1072).

"The fleshy, almost-prostrate, reddish stem with leaves which are broad-rounded at the tips and the capsule which splits open around the middle (circumscisses) are distinguishing characteristics of this species"  (Holm et al., 1977; p. 78).

var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln in Micronesia (Fosberg et al., 1979; p. 74).

Illustration by International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) courtesy Ecoport.

Habitat/ecology:  "Occasional to common in many crops, and in open, disturbed places, particularly in dry, sunny areas near the coast, and is often naturalized in native coastal habitats" (Whistler, 1983; p. 54). "It thrives in cultivated fields and gardens, barren driveways, waste places, and eroded slopes and bluffs up to 2,700 m elevation.  The plant prefers open habitat and, although it thrives in a rich moist soil, it does not grow well on many soil types.  It does not emerge until the soil is very warm" (Holm et al., 1977; pp. 79-80).

In the Galápagos Islands, "along trails and near habitations" (Wiggins & Porter, 1971; p. 732). In Tonga, "a plantation and waste-area weed" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 112). In New Caledonia, "le pourpier commun, assez courant comme mauvaise herbe dans les jardins, n'est pas planté bien que les feuilles soient parfois consommées. La forme spontanée est largement répandue en arrière-plages, terrains défrichés et endroits rocailleux" (MacKee, 1994; p. 118).  In New Guinea (presumably native), "a persistent weed of cultivation; also often at roadsides, and in natural situations; grassland, savannahs, foreshores. From sea level to 1700 m" (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p. 142); "common weed of waste places and cultivation, particularly in sandy and dry open conditions.  In New Guinea from sea level to 1800 m"  (Conn, 1995; p. 215).

Propagation:  "The seeds are very small.  The seeds are spread by wind, water, and with the seeds of crops; it is also known also that some birds feed on them.  The fleshy stems will root on contact with the soil, so that fragmentation with tools or machines may lead to movement and increase in plant numbers" (Holm et al., 1977; p. 80).

Native range:  "Nearly cosmopolitan, although presumably native to the Old World" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1072).  "Probably an early European introduction to Polynesia" (Whistler, 1988; p. 9).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 161)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 95)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 161)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: Harris 79, Harris 99, Yuncker 9279
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1983) (p. 13) Voucher cited: Whistler 3371
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 161)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 20) "A common weed of open and cultivated ground". Voucher cited: J. Pickard 2853 (NSW)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 10) "A common weed of open and cultivated ground". Voucher cited: W.R. Sykes NI 187 (CHR)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	possibly native invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (pp. 24-25) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 2166 (US), Fosberg 31582 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Aguijan (Agiguan, Aguihan) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	possibly native invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (pp. 24-25) Voucher cited: Fosberg 31642 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Asuncion Island	possibly native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1977) (p. 29) Voucher cited: Falanruw 3070 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Guguan Island	possibly native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1977) (p. 29) Voucher cited: Falanruw 3101 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Guguan Island	native	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 30)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Maug Island	possibly native invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (pp. 24-25) Voucher cited: Falanruw 2244 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Maug Island	native	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 58) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-59145
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	possibly native invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (pp. 24-25) Vouchers cited: Moore 422? (US), Anderson 570 (US), Fosberg 31365 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	possibly native invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (pp. 24-25) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1795 (US), Falanruw 1990 (US), Evans 2405 (US, BISH, Fo, NY)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Darwin Islands	Darwin Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Española Group	Española Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Española Group	Gardner por Española Islet	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Española Group	Oeste Islet	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Española Group	Osborn Islet	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Fernandina Group	Fernandina Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Isabela Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcan Alcedo	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcan Cerro Azul	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcan Darwin	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Eden Islet	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Plaza Norte Islet	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Punta Bowditch Norte Islet	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Punta Bowditch Sur Islet	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Fé Group	Santa Fé Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santiago Group	Santiago Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Wolf Islands	Wolf Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namonuito (Namonweito, Nómwun Wiité) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	native	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 46) var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln. Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 234 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Kapingamarangi Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Mokil Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 56) Voucher cited: Takamatsu 1001 (BM), Glassman 2795 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1969) (p. 7) Voucher cited: Fosberg 46887 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 277-278) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 468, DA 11535
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 277-278) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 416, DA 10334, DA 10694, DA 10439, DA 11316, DA 17320, DA 10945, DA 11005, DA 11183, DA 3997, DA 2543, DA 11225, DA 16617, DA 11566
French Polynesia Clipperton Island	Clipperton (Arue, Avera) Island	possibly native invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1962)
French Polynesia Clipperton Island	Clipperton (Arue, Avera) Island		Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 93)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Agakauitai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hatuta'a Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Motane (Mohotane, Mohotani) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	possibly native invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 29) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 64804 (US), Fosberg 64910 (US), Fosberg & Sachet 64968 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 223) Voucher cited: Cartier 216
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 223) Vouchers cited: Moore 112, Moore 360, More 402, BRY 26668
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 223) Voucher cited: Grant 3639
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai (Tubai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Fakarava (Fakarawa, Havaiki) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Rangiroa (Rairoa) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	native	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 21)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikehau (Tikahau) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Tubuai (Tupuai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 275) Voucher cited: Stone 3895 (GUAM), Stone 4757 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	French Frigate Shoals	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1072)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1072)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank L. (2006) (p. 13) Voucher cited: Oppenheimer & G. Hansen H80308 (BISH, PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1072)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1072)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Laysan Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1072)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lehua Island	introduced invasive	Wood, K. R./LeGrande, Maya (2006) (p. 27) Voucher cited: Flynn et al. 4856 (BISH, PTBG, US)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1072)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1072)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Nihoa Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1072)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1072)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1072)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Japan (offshore islands) Marcus Island	Marcus Island (Minami Tori Shima)	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Kiribati Line Islands	Kiritimati (Christmas) Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 22)
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 22)
Kiribati Line Islands	Teraina (Washington) Island	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 22)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Enderbury Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 46) Voucher cited: Fosberg & Stoddart 54746 (US, HAW, K)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 46) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 30881 (US), Fosberg 30209 (US), Degener & Hatheway 21283, Fosberg ≈ Stoddart 54817 (US, HAW, K), Fosberg & Stoddart 54883 (US, HAW, K), Fosberg & Stoddart 54907 (US, HAW, K), Fosberg 55737 (US, BISH, K)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced	Luomala, Katharine (1951) (p. 172) Voucher cited: Luomala 30
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Manra (Sydney) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 46) Vouchers cited: Fosberg & Stoddart 54871 (US, HAW, K), Fosberg & Stoddart 55711 (US, HAW, K)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Nikumaroro (Gardner) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 46) Vouchers cited: Long 2501 (US), Fosberg 55754 (US, BISH, K), Fosberg 55760 (US)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Orona (Hull) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 46) Voucher cited: Fosberg & Stoddart 54817 (US, HAW, K)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 13) Voucher specimen collected: Imada 2003-133 (BISH 697745)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 13)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Maiana Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 13)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Marakei Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Nonouti Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Onotoa Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 13)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Bikini (Pikinni) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll	introduced	St. John, Harold (1960) (p. 527) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 24408, Fosberg 24296, St. John 23785, St. John 23786, St. John 23834, St. John 23850
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 10) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 24296 (US), Fosberg 24408 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 17) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 26708 (BISH), Fosberg 39433 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2006) (p. 11) "Uncommon; wild form with small flowers around houses and in ruderal areas, decorative form with large showy flowers as potted plant around a few homes".
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 62) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 39501, Herbst 9000, Whistler 11258
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 10) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 26491 (US), Fosberg 26500 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Rongelap (Roñlap) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ujae Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ujae Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 10) Voucher cited: Fosberg 34308 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 11) "Locally common; only observed in Reimers' farm, especially in recently cleared areas in a way similarly observed in farms of Laura village, Majuro; since the farm on Arno is run in close association with the Taiwan farm which supplies materials and seedlings, this species could have been introduced with such things".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 116) Also var. "Wildfire", cultivated.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Toke (Taka) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Toke (Taka) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 10) Voucher cited: Fosberg 33742 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Wotje (Wõjjã)Atoll	probably native	Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 27)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 183) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58624 (US), Fosberg 58734 (US), Thaman & Manner 4 (SUVA)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Loyauté (Loyalty Islands)	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Lifou	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 118) Voucher cited: Däniker 2435 (Z)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Ouvéa (Ouvea Atoll)	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 118) Voucher cited: Däniker 2860 (Z)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Tiga	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 118) Voucher cited: MacKee 45895
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 118) Vouchers cited: Balansa 2397, Däniker 733 (Z), Däniker 1154 (Z), Däniker 1181 (Z), MacKee 40396, MacKee 40436
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Kermadec Islands	introduced invasive	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 991) "Stony waste land, cultivated land, crops and gardens".
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1977) (p. 131)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 171) Voucher cited: CHR 168705
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 34)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 43)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 53) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9940 (BISH), Yuncker 10122 (BISH) "A common weed in waste areas and plantations".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 46)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 110)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 74-75) Var. granulato-stellulata v. Poelln.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 104)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 105)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 98)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 106)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngercheu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 108) Carp Resort
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 64)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	native	Conn, Barry J., ed. (1995) (p. 215)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 346-348)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 34)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 95)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 102)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 57) Voucher cited: Scarth-Johnson 82
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 112) "Common throughout Tonga".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 112) Vouhcer cited: Yuncker 15465
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 112) Vouchers cited: Hülimann 43, Yuncker 15051
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 350)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 112) Cited: Crosby.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Burkill, I. H. (1900) (p. 27)
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Tuvalu Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 95)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Johnston Atoll	Johnston Island	introduced invasive	Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. (1976) (p. 55)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Midway Atoll	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1072)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Palmyra Atoll	Palmyra Atoll		Rock, J. F. C. (1916) (p. 50)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Palmyra Atoll	Palmyra Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 22)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced	Christophersen, E. (1931) (p. 12) Voucher cited: Pollock (and Cheatham) 40
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1959) (p. 13) Voucher cited: Fosberg 33620
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1969) (p. 9) Voucher cited: Sachet 868 (US)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 10) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 33620 (US), Fosberg 34481 (US)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 95)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 34)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 81-82)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78)
Chile (continental) Chile	Chile (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 81-83)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced invasive	Li-ying, Li/Ren, Wang/Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (pp. 174, 179)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 81-83)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 291-292)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 81-83)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 81-83)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 291-292)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 81-83)
South Korea South Korea	South Korea (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 291-292)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 81-83)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 991) "Stony waste land, cultivated land, crops and gardens".
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 81-83)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 81-83)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78)
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 81-83)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 19)
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (pp. 37, 39) On both main atoll and North Keeling Island.
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	native	Williams, D. G. (1994) (p. 23)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		Stoddart, D. R./Taylor, J. D., eds. (1971) (p. 150) Voucher cited: Stoddart 890 (K, US)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 81-83)

Comments:  The plant is edible (Stone, 1970; p. 275).

Additional information:  Additional online information about Portulaca oleracea is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Portulaca oleracea may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

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