Polygala paniculata L., Polygalaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: yuan zhui hua yuan zhi

English: island snake-root

Fijian: ai roi ni turanga (chief's fan), airoinituraga, mindi, senikuila, tamoli, teketekeniulumatua, tekiteki ni ulumatua

Kwara‘ae: babatana, sasalo

Palauan: keskus ra mekesong

Pohnpeian: pwohnkisinpwil, pwonkisinpwil, sin pwil, tuhke pwohnkisinpwil, tuhke pwohnkisinpwil kerengireng, tukehn kisinpwil

Samoan: fua lili‘i, fua lili‘i, fua paepae, fua paepae, namupululole, pulunamulole, pulunamulole

Spanish: hoja de higo, ipecacuana, lanillo, orosne, parikuá-muranó, yerba de la leche

Habit:  herb

Description:  "A small, erect, glandular, annual herb up to60 cm tall; leaves linear, 1-1.8 cm long, less than 3 mm wide; flowers in terminal racemes up to 8 cm long, small, white, crowded; flower nearly 3 mm long; fruit about 3 mm long; seeds very small (less than 3 mm long), black but with tiny white hairs."  (Stone, 1970)"Annual herbs; stems erect to ascending, 1-5 dm long, usually many-branched, puberulent, roots with bubblegum-like odor.  Leaves numerous, lower ones often whorled, oblong-lanceolate to linear, 1-2.5 cm long, 0.1-0.4 cm wide, 1-nerved, glabrous, apex acute, tapering to base.  Flowers ca. 2 mm long, in axillary or pseudoterminal, slender racemes 3-12 cm long; outer sepals green, elliptic, half as long as inner ones, inner sepals (wings) petaloid, elliptic, ca. 2 mm long, 3-nerved; lateral petals narrowly ovate, the keel appendaged.  Fruit oblong, nearly wingless, as long as or longer than inner sepals, glabrous.  Seeds black, ellipsoid, pubescent with short white hairs, aril small, with 2 membranous appendages"  (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1058, 1888).

Habitat/ecology:  In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in mesic to wet, disturbed areas, 40-1,100 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1058).  In Fiji, "abundantly naturalized from near sea level to 1,127 m as a weed in gardens, canefields, and waste places, along roadsides, on dry hillsides, in thickets, and on the edges of forest" (Smith, 1985; p. 723).  In New Guinea, "a plant of grasslands, roadsides and headlands, appearing as a weed of plantations (particularly at higher altitudes) when larger weeds have been suppressed. From near sea level to 2000 m" (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p. 136). In New Caledonia, "espèce d'introduction récente, vite devenue très répandue et localement abondante, parfois en forêt peu dégradée sur substrat ultrabasique" (MacKee, 1994; p. 116). "Occasional in disturbed places and roadsides" (Whistler, 1988; p. 33).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  "Tropical America from Mexico and the West Indies to Brazil, unintentionally introduced into Java in 1845 or 1846 and now widespread in Malesia, Micronesia, and eastward" (Smith, 1985; p. 723).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island	introduced	Ragone, Diane/Lorence, David H. (2003) (p. 53)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 34847) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata L.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 95)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9175, Whistler 1315
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 44) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9175 (BISH)
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1983) (p. 13) Voucher cited: Whistler 3358 Uncommon.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Setchell, William Albert (1924) (p. 79)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1992) (voucher ID: PTBG 16359) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 41)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	native	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 41)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	native	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 41)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 130)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 130)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 22) Voucher cited: Lorence 7852 (PTBG) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 63)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1996) (voucher ID: PTBG 21011) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 130)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 55) Voucher cited: Glassman 2431
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 124) Vouchers cited: M.J. Balick 4011 (NY, PTBG), M.J. Balick 4222 (BISH, NY, PTBG), M.J. Balick 4368 (NY), A. Dores 2 (BISH, NY, PTBG), A. Dores 199 (NY, PTBG), T.W. Flynn 6292 (AD, NY, PTBG, US), F.R. Fosberg 58438 (BISH), R. Gallen 118 (NY, PTBG), S.F. Glassman 2431 (BISH), K. Nagata 1485 (BISH), L. Stemmermann 2935 (BISH) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1999) (voucher ID: PTBG 34975) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 46201) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 41203) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 24671) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 43546) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 130)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	native invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. (1969) (p. 8) Voucher cited: Fosberg 46667 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 130)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 723-724) Voucher cited: Smith 103
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 723-724) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 880
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 723-724) Voucher cited: DA 8898
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 723-724) Vouchers cited: DA 5017, Greenwood 461, Bierhorst F91
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 723-724) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 980
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 723-724) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 461A, Smith 4265, DA 2421, DA 10171, DA 10537, DA 9520, DA 9908, Gillespie 3420, Smith 7224, DA 10583, DA 5945, DA 12229
Fiji Fiji Islands	Yasawas Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 723-724) Voucher cited: St. John 18084
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 362) Voucher cited: Stone 3861 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 130)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1987) (voucher ID: PTBG 23435) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1058)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy W./Wagner, Warren L. (1995) (p. 48) Vouchers cited: L. Hume & R. Levine 399 (BISH, MO, PTBG, US), L. Hume & J. Spinnier 515 (BISH, PTBG, US) Common in disturbed land and along roadsides.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank (2007) (p. 30) Voucher cited: Oppenheimer & J. Penniman H50610 (BISH, PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1058) East Maui. Voucher cited: Fosberg & Sylva 55450 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank L./Meidell, J. Scott/Bartlett, R. T. (1999) (p. 10) West Maui. Vouchers cited: A.C. Medeiros 544 (BISH), Meidell & Oppenheimer 164 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank L. (2006) (p. 13) Voucher cited: Oppenheimer H40401 (BISH, PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1058)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 130)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (pp. 181-182) Voucher cited: Hassall 203 (SUVA)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 382) Vite devenue très répandue et localement abondante, parfois en forêt peu dégradée sur substrat ultrabasique.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 116) Vouchers cited: MacKee 2421, MacKee 4313, MacKee 11840, MacKee 22005, MacKee 30361, MacKee 31256, Bamps 5844 (NOU), MacKee 3611, MacKee 45782, Koyama & al. 4261
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 116) Voucher cited: Lauri 86 (NOU)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 170) Voucher cited: CHR 168711
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 33)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 42)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 46)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 104)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 130)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 102)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 64)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (2007) (voucher ID: BNM 4404) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (2007) (voucher ID: BNM 4417) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1981) (voucher ID: BNM 3060) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1970) (voucher ID: BNM 617) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1996) (voucher ID: BNM 26374) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1981) (voucher ID: BNM 3099) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1977) (voucher ID: BNM 960) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1984) (voucher ID: PTBG 23516) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2007) (voucher ID: PTBG 49069) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 130)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 98)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1968) (voucher ID: BNM 619) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1968) (voucher ID: BNM 618) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1977) (voucher ID: BNM 10077) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1967) (voucher ID: BNM 616) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1966) (voucher ID: BNM 615) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1966) (voucher ID: BNM 1325) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1966) (voucher ID: BNM 613) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1966) (voucher ID: BNM 614) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1968) (voucher ID: BNM 1326) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 130)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 98)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 64)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 130)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 98)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 106)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 64)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngerchong Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 64)
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago	introduced invasive	Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 293) Lae, on Huon Gulf, at the margins of grassland, abundant.
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	New Britain Island	introduced	Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 293)
Papua New Guinea Bougainville Islands	Bougainville Island		Foreman, D. B. (1971) (p. 53)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	introduced invasive	Henty, E. E./Pritchard, G. H. (1975) (p. 136) Widely spread, from neaar sea level to 2000 m.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 317) Taxon name on voucher: Polygala paniculata
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 723-724)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 33)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 95)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced cultivated	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 101)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced	Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 293)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 95)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 723-724)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (p. 37)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 33)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	New South Wales	introduced invasive	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 189)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 189)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced invasive	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) Low elevations, Guangdong.
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 286)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 186)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 71) Naturalised
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	introduced invasive	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) Low elevations.

Additional information:
Additional online information about Polygala paniculata is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Polygala paniculata as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Polygala paniculata may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1966. Voucher specimen #BNM615(Blackburn, B. E-78).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1966. Voucher specimen #BNM1325(Blackburn, B.S. 27).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1966. Voucher specimen #BNM613(Blackburn, B. E-19).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1966. Voucher specimen #BNM614(Blackburn, B. E-37).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1967. Voucher specimen #BNM616(Hardy, S. 12).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1968. Voucher specimen #BNM619(Salsedo, Carl A. 71).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1968. Voucher specimen #BNM618(Kluding, P. 8).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1968. Voucher specimen #BNM1325(Salsedo, C.A. 7).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1970. Voucher specimen #BNM617(Fisher, T.R. 36).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1977. Voucher specimen #BNM10077(Otobed, D.O. PW-10077).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1977. Voucher specimen #BNM960(Canfield, J.E. & Bright, G. 287).

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