Physalis angulata L., Solanaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Physalis lanceifolia Nees

Common name(s): [more details]

Chamorro: tomate chaca, tomates caputi

English: annual ground cherry, bladder cherry, bladderberry, cape gooseberry, cutleaf groundcherry, ground cherry, wild cape gooseberry

Fijian: kospeli, mborosousou, mborosousou ni vavalangi, mbotembote yandra, mburasu, mokoai, thevuthevu

I-Kiribati: te baraki, te bin

Japanese: sennari-houzuki

Maori (Cook Islands): tāmaru, tāmaru, tūpera tāmaru-ariki, tūpere

Marshallese: kaõrõr, kaoror

Nauruan: oatamo, watamo

Niuean: manini

Palauan: bubeubedul

Samoan: vivao, vivao

Spanish: bolsa mullaca, bomba, capuli cimarron, huevillo, huevo de tortuga, meltonate, mullaca, popoja, tomatillo, vejigon

Tahitian: tamanufairi, tamaru ha‘ari

Tongan: polo pa, polopā

Tuvaluan: pini, te peen

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Branched erect nearly glabrous herb; stems angled, hollow, leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, obtuse or acute or rounded (somewhat asymmetric) at base, acute-acuminate, often repand-dentate, rather dark dull green, very short-puberulent on both sides on the nerves, 3-15 cm long, 2.5-10 cm wide, on long petioles 2-10 cm, calyx 4-6 mm long in flower, 2-4 long in fruit, short-puberulent; corolla nearly 1 cm long, yellowish-green, partly puberulent externally; anthers blue, 1-2 mm; fruit about 1-1.8 cm long, ellipsoid, within the balloon-like calyx (which has a small apical opening); seeds about 1.7 mm long, flat, yellowish, reniform"  (Stone, 1970; p. 520).

Habitat/ecology:  "It infests primarily annual crops but also occurs in orchards, nurseries, fallow land, roadsides and waste areas. It grows best in moist, fertile soils and is tolerant of partial shade"  (Holm et al., 1997; pp. 580, 582).  "Common to abundant in croplands and disturbed places" (Whistler, 1988; p. 36).

In Hawai‘i, "sparingly naturalized in disturbed sites, ca. 90 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1265).  In Fiji, "often locally abundant as a weed in villages, waste places, pastures, plantations, and canefields, along roads, on open slopes, and in forest along creeks from near sea level to about 600 m" (Smith, 1991; pp. 29-30).  In Niue, "a fairly common to very common weed of plantations in many areas, particularly the Basin" (Sykes, 1970; p. 196).  In New Guinea, "a weed of gardens, waste land and cultivated fields. From low altitudes to about 1000 m" (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p. 149). In Tonga, "an occasional plantation weed" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 236).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  Possibly from tropical America, now a common tropical weed (Stone, 1970; p. 520).  North America to Central America (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1265).  "An American species apparently aboriginally introduced to Polynesia" (Whistler, 1988; p. 36).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 95)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: Whistler 1300, Whistler 3330
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1983) (p. 15) Voucher cited: Whistler 3439
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 39) Voucher cited: Falanruw 1650 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1980) (p. 213) Voucher cited: Falanruw 3318 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245) Also var. lanceifolia (Nees) Waterfall
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245) var. lanceifolia (Nees) Waterfall
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245) Also var. lanceifolia (Nees) Waterfall
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Suwarrow Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Española Group	Española Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Española Group	Gardner por Española Islet	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Española Group	Oeste Islet	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Española Group	Osborn Islet	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Campéon Islet	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcan Sierra Negra	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Pinta Group	Pinta Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Eden Islet	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Mosquera Islet	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Plaza Norte Islet	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Punta Bowditch Norte Islet	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Punta Bowditch Sur Islet	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Seymour Norte Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Fé Group	Santa Fé Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santiago Group	Santiago Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santiago Group	Sombrero Chino Islet	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Chuuk Islands	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (2005) (p. 22) Voucher cited: Lorence 9394 (PTBG)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Ant Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245) Also var. lanceifolia (Nees) Waterfall
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (1998) (p. 30)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. (1969) (p. 13) Voucher cited: Fosberg 46679 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Faraulep (Faraulap) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 29-31) Voucher cited: DA 8926
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 29-31) Voucher cited: DA 10473
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 29-31) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 188, Degener & Ordonez 13688, DA 9695, Smith 4442, DA 9487, Smith 9445, DA 9553, DA 10046, DA 9568, DA 11086, DA 9971, DA 10603, DA 3169
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island		Welsh, S. L. (1998)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 143)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Welsh, S. L. (1998)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Welsh, S. L. (1998)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Welsh, S. L. (1998)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai (Tubai) Island	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 22) Voucher cited: Sachet 1975 (US)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 36) Voucher cited: Sachet 2052 (US)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Tubuai (Tupuai) Island		Welsh, S. L. (1998)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 520) Voucher cited: Stone 4314 (GUAM). Also var. lanceifolia, listed as Physalis lanceifolia Nees.; vouchers cited: McGregor 512, G.E.S. 202, Fosberg 43448, Anderson 22, Hosaka 3190.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245) Also var. lanceifolia (Nees) Waterfall
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank L. (2003) (p. 26) Voucher cited: Oppenheimer H80106 (BISH, PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1265) Voucher cited: Herbst & Ishikawa 5664 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R./Imada, Clyde T. (2006) (p. 8) Voucher cited: V. Caraway 150 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Imada, Clyde T./Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2000) (p. 15) Voucher cited: R. Heu & W. Nagamine s.n. (BISH 658032)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Enderbury Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (pp. 48-49) Note seen in 1975. Voucher cited: Clegern 168 (BISH)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (pp. 48-49) Vouchers cited: Fosberg & Stoddart 54894 (US, HAW, K), Degener & Hatheway 21411 (BISH), Fosberg 55803 (US, BISH), Degener & Degener 24654 (BISH)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Orona (Hull) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (pp. 48-49) Vouchers cited: Fosberg & Stoddart 54701 (US, HAW, K) (but may be P. lanceifolia Nees).
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abaiang Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245) also var. lanceifolia (Nees) Waterfall
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 76) Voucher specimen collected: Imada 2003-166 (BISH 697777)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245) also var. lanceifolia (Nees) Waterfall
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 77) Voucher specimen collected: Imada 2003-76 (BISH 697691)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Maiana Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 79) Voucher specimen collected: Imada 2003-113 (BISH 697724)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Nonouti Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245) also var. lanceifolia (Nees) Waterfall
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Onotoa Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245) also var. lanceifolia (Nees) Waterfall
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Onotoa Atoll		Moul, Edwin T. (1957) (p. 21) Vouchers cited: Moul 8093 (US), Moul 8149 (US)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245) also var. lanceifolia (Nees) Waterfall
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 75) Voucher specimen collected: Imada 2003-21 (BISH 697636)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Bikini (Pikinni) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll	introduced invasive	Lamberson, J. O. (1982) (p. 56)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll	introduced invasive	St. John, Harold (1960) (p. 333) Vouchers cited: Lane 57-139, Lane 57-101
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 34) Voucher cited: Fosberg 26710 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (pp. 67-68) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 48053, Fosberg 48054, Herbst 8948, Herbst 9619, Herbst 9623, Herbst 9624, Whistler 11168, Whistler 11194, Whistler 11261
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 19) Voucher cited: Fosberg 34381 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ujae Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ujae Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 19) Voucher cited: Fosberg 34286 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Anderson, Donald (1951) (p. v) Voucher cited: Anderson 3652
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 12) "Uncommon; few plants in ruderal areas of Arno and Matlon villages".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Jemo Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Jemo Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 19) Voucher cited: Fosberg 33872 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 127)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Maloelap Atoll		Vander Velde, Nancy (year unknown)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (pp. 198-199) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58645 (US), Fosberg 58768 (US), Scully 130N (US), Thaman & Manner 14 (SUVA), Thaman & Manner 22321 (SUVA), Swarbrick 9541 (BRIU)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 95)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 131) Vouchers cited: MacKee 28350, MacKee 29508 Spontané
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 196) Voucher cited: CHR 169998
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 36)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 46) Probably a Polynesian introduction.
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 50)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 104)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 102)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 245)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 98)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 98)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 106)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 64)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 68)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 36)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 95)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 99)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘apai Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 73) Voucher cited: Soakai 311
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 73) Voucher cited: Scarth-Johnson 92
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 73) Voucher cited: Soakai 343
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 73) Vouchers cited: Lawrence 104, Soakai 506
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 236) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15098
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 73) Vouchers cited: Harvey s.n., Crosby 123
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Nui Atoll		Woodroffe, C. D. (1985) (p. 15) Voucher cited: Woodroffe 145 (CHR)
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Tuvalu Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 95)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 95)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 36)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands	introduced	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 107) "Potential invader". Gardens, secondary vegetation.

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	New South Wales	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 580)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 580)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 68)
China China	China (People's Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 278)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 580)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 580)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 584)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 584)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 583)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 68)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 580)
South Korea South Korea	South Korea (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 580)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 68)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 580)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 583)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 580)
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 580)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 68)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 68)

Comments:  See also Physalis minima.

Additional information:  Additional online information about Physalis angulata is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Physalis angulata may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Anderson, Donald. 1951. The plants of Arno Atoll, Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 7. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 4 pp. + 7 pp. appendix.

Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

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