Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene, Verbenaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk (based on second screen), score: 5 (Go to the risk assessment)

Other Latin names:  Lippia nodiflora (L.) Michx.; Lippia repens Spreng.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: guo jiang teng

English: capeweed, false thyme, fogfruit, frogfruit, mat grass, mat lippia, phyla, turkey tangle

Spanish: cidrón, pastor, turre hembra

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Herb, prostrate, creeping, rooting at the nodes.  Leaves simple, opposite or in whorls, blade obovate to oblanceolate, usually 1-4 cm long with the margins of the upper half toothed.  Flowers anytime during the year; flowers many, borne in long-stalked, axillary, subglobose to ovoid head 5-25 mm long.  Corolla with fused petals, salverform, tube about 2 mm long, limb about 2 mm across with four spreading, rounded lobes, white to pink with a yellow or red throat.  Fruit a capsule 1.5-2 mm long, breaking into two segments"  (Whistler, 2000; pp. 359-360).

"Creeping herb, rooting at the nodes, with angled stems; leaves obovate, distally serrate, usually 1-4 cm long, and 0.5-2 cm wide, base decurrent; petiole to about 5-6 mm; peduncle of spike 1-5 (rarely 6-8) cm long; bracts obovate; calyx 1.5 mm; corolla 2 mm long, white or pale violet; fruit about 1.8 mm long" (Stone, 1970; p. 506).

Habitat/ecology:  "It is a fast spreading weed that has a competitive advantage in frequently mowed lawns because of its creeping habit, and can crowd out other low-growing native species" (Whistler & Steele, 1999; p. 71-72).  In Guam, occasional in lawns or waste ground in wet places (Stone, 1970; p. 506). In New Caledonia, "espèce américaine d'introduction ancienne dans le Pacifique Sud-Ouest" (MacKee, 1994; p. 139).

Propagation:  Seed, rooting from nodes.

Native range:  Tropical America

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 59)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 59)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) var. reptans
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) var. reptans
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) var. reptans
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Faraulep (Faraulap) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 506) Voucher cited: Stone 3906 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim/Loope, Lloyd L. (2002) (p. 26) West Maui. Voucher cited: Starr & Martz 000611-1 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Kennedy, Barbara H./James, Shelley A./Imada, Clyde T. (2010) (p. 24) Voucher cited: H. Oppenheimer H70121 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Kennedy, Barbara H./James, Shelley A./Imada, Clyde T. (2010) (p. 24) Voucher cited: L.M. Crago & C. McGuire 2005-235 (BISH)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands		Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (pp. 71-72)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2006) (p. 12) "Occasional; patches in some grassy areas".
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (pp. 71-72) Vouchers cited: Herbst 8900, Herbst 8974, Herbst 9627, Herbst 9631, Whistler 11167, Whistler 11265
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1998) (voucher ID: PTBG 44985) Taxon name on voucher: Phyla nodiflora
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1998) (voucher ID: PTBG 47462) Taxon name on voucher: Phyla nodiflora
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 13) "Uncommon; small areas in a few lawns".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2009) (p. 3) Voucher cited: Vander Velde 0627200904
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2009) (voucher ID: PTBG 49756) Taxon name on voucher: Phyla nodiflora
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 132)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Mili (Mile) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2010) (p. A23) Uncommon; small area near house part way down runway, other area near the south, Mili.
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Lifou	introduced abo. intro.	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 139) Vouchers cited: Cheesman 3324 (BM), MacKee 28287
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Maré	introduced abo. intro.	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 139) Voucher cited: MacKee 25462
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced abo. intro.	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 139) Vouchers cited: Pancher s.n. s.loc., Balansa 521, Grunow s.n. (W), MacKee 4088, Morat 5375
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced abo. intro.	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 139) Vouchers cited: Germain s.n., Virot 953
New Guinea (Indonesia and Papua New Guinea) New Guinea Island	New Guinea Island	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 104)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 64) Voucher: Lorence 9736 (PTBG, BNM, NY, US)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 28) Taxon name on voucher: Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 106)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 64) Voucher: Lorence 9746 (PTBG, BISH, BNM, NY, US)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 38) Taxon name on voucher: Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	New Ireland Island		Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (pp. 473, 475) Observed only on the east coast of New Ireland, but there common.
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 99)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Eastern Island	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2008) (pp. B-11)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Midway Atoll	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim/Loope, Lloyd L. (2002) (p. 26) Vouchers cited: Starr & Martz 990512-2 (BISH). D. Herbst &ammp; W. Takeuchi 6364 (BISH)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Sand Island	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2008) (pp. B-11)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Chile (continental) Chile	Chile (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 231) On grassland or along streams.
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Japan Ryukyu Islands	Ryukyu Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive cultivated	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 1275) Cultivation escape.
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	uncertain if introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 69) Weed of uncertain origin
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Timor-Leste Timor-Leste	East Timor Island	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
United States (west coast) United States (west coast states)	USA (California)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 37)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. Arthur (1996) (p. 30) As Lippia nodiflora L.
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1995) (voucher ID: PTBG 38063) Taxon name on voucher: Lippia nodiflora (L.) Rich.
Comoros Comoro Islands	Comoro Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Agalega Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Stoddart, D. R. (1983) (p. 139)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Alphonse Island		Robertson, I. A. D./Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 183) Voucher cited: Robertson 2870 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Coetivy Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 156) Voucher cited: Robertson 3075 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	D'Arros Island		Stoddart, D. R./Coe, M. J./Fosberg, F. R. (1979) (p. 24) Vouchers cited: Gwynne & Wood 1003 (EA), Stoddart 7159 (US)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Marie-Louise Island		Wilson, J. R. (1983) (p. 195)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Platte Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 164) Voucher cited: Robertson 3001 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Poivre Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 174) Voucher cited: Robertson 2378 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)

Additional information:
Additional online information about Phyla nodiflora is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Phyla nodiflora as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Phyla nodiflora may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

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Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

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