(L.) Greene, Verbenaceae
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(L.) Greene, Verbenaceae |
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Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Threat only at high elevations? no
Risk assessment results: High risk (based on second screen), score: 5 (Go to the risk assessment)
Other Latin names: Lippia nodiflora (L.) Michx., Lippia repens Spreng.
Common name(s): [more details]
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English: capeweed, false thyme, fogfruit, frogfruit, mat grass, mat lippia, phyla, turkey tangle |
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Spanish: cidrón, pastor, turre hembra |
Habit: herb
Description: "Herb, prostrate, creeping, rooting at the nodes. Leaves simple, opposite or in whorls, blade obovate to oblanceolate, usually 1-4 cm long with the margins of the upper half toothed. Flowers anytime during the year; flowers many, borne in long-stalked, axillary, subglobose to ovoid head 5-25 mm long. Corolla with fused petals, salverform, tube about 2 mm long, limb about 2 mm across with four spreading, rounded lobes, white to pink with a yellow or red throat. Fruit a capsule 1.5-2 mm long, breaking into two segments" (Whistler, 2000; pp. 359-360).
"Creeping herb, rooting at the nodes, with angled stems; leaves obovate, distally serrate, usually 1-4 cm long, and 0.5-2 cm wide, base decurrent; petiole to about 5-6 mm; peduncle of spike 1-5 (rarely 6-8) cm long; bracts obovate; calyx 1.5 mm; corolla 2 mm long, white or pale violet; fruit about 1.8 mm long" (Stone, 1970; p. 506).
Habitat/ecology: "It is a fast spreading weed that has a competitive advantage in frequently mowed lawns because of its creeping habit, and can crowd out other low-growing native species" (Whistler & Steele, 1999; p. 71-72). In Guam, occasional in lawns or waste ground in wet places (Stone, 1970; p. 506). In New Caledonia, "espèce américaine d'introduction ancienne dans le Pacifique Sud-Ouest" (MacKee, 1994; p. 139).
Propagation: Seed, rooting from nodes.
Native range: Tropical America
Presence:
| Pacific | |||
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Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
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Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Rota Island |
introduced
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Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 59) |
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Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Saipan Island |
introduced
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Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 59) |
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Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Floreana Group |
Floreana Island |
probably introduced
invasive |
Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
infraspecific: 'var. reptans' |
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Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
San Cristóbal Group |
San Cristóbal Island |
probably introduced
invasive |
Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
infraspecific: 'var. reptans' |
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Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Santa Cruz Group |
Santa Cruz Island |
probably introduced
invasive |
Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
infraspecific: 'var. reptans' |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Faraulep (Faraulap) Atoll |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236) |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Ulithi Atoll |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236) |
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Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
invasive |
Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 506)
Voucher cited: Stone 3906 (GUAM) |
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Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236) |
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State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
invasive |
Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim/Loope, Lloyd L. (2002) (p. 26)
West Maui. Voucher cited: Starr & Martz 000611-1 (BISH) |
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Japan (offshore islands)
Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands |
Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands | Kato, Hidetoshi (2007) | |
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Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (pp. 71-72) |
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Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Kili (Kõle) Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2006) (p. 12)
"Occasional; patches in some grassy areas". |
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Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (pp. 71-72)
Vouchers cited: Herbst 8900, Herbst 8974, Herbst 9627, Herbst 9631, Whistler 11167, Whistler 11265 |
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Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Arno Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 13)
"Uncommon; small areas in a few lawns". |
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Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 132) |
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New Caledonia
Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands) |
Île Lifou |
introduced
abo. intro. |
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 139)
Vouchers cited: Cheesman 3324 (BM), MacKee 28287 |
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New Caledonia
Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands) |
Île Maré |
introduced
abo. intro. |
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 139)
Voucher cited: MacKee 25462 |
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New Caledonia
New Caledonia |
New Caledonia Islands |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
introduced
abo. intro. |
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 139)
Vouchers cited: Pancher s.n. s.loc., Balansa 521, Grunow s.n. (W), MacKee 4088, Morat 5375 |
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New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île des Pins (Isle of Pines) |
introduced
abo. intro. |
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 139)
Vouchers cited: Germain s.n., Virot 953 |
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New Guinea (Indonesia and Papua New Guinea)
New Guinea Island |
New Guinea Island |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Angaur Island |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236) |
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Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Angaur Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 104) |
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Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Peleliu Island |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236) |
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Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Peleliu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 106) |
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Philippines
Philippine Islands |
Philippine Islands |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands |
Solomon Islands |
native
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Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 99) |
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United States (other Pacific offshore islands)
Midway Atoll |
Midway Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim/Loope, Lloyd L. (2002) (p. 26)
Vouchers cited: Starr & Martz 990512-2 (BISH). D. Herbst &ammp; W. Takeuchi 6364 (BISH) |
| Pacific Rim | |||
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Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
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Australia
Australia (continental) |
Australia (continental) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Chile (continental)
Chile |
Chile (Republic of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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China
China |
China (People's Republic of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Colombia
Colombia |
Colombia (Republic of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Costa Rica
Costa Rica |
Costa Rica (Republic of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Ecuador (Mainland)
Ecuador |
Ecuador (Republic of) (continental) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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El Salvador
El Salvador |
El Salvador (Republic of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Guatemala
Guatemala |
Guatemala (Republic of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Honduras
Honduras |
Honduras (Republic of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Indonesia
Indonesia |
Indonesia (Republic of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Japan
Japan |
Japan (country) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Japan
Ryukyu Islands |
Ryukyu Islands |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Malaysia
Malaysia |
Malaysia (country of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Mexico
Mexico |
Mexico (United Mexican States) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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New Zealand
New Zealand |
New Zealand (country) |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 1275)
Cultivation escape. |
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Nicaragua
Nicaragua |
Nicaragua (Republic of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Panama
Panama |
Panama (Republic of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Perú
Perú |
Perú (Republic of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Singapore
Singapore |
Singapore (Republic of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Taiwan
Taiwan |
Taiwan Island |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Thailand
Thailand |
Thailand (Kingdom of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Timor-Leste
Timor-Leste |
East Timor Island |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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United States (west coast)
United States (west coast states) |
USA (California) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Vietnam
Vietnam |
Vietnam (Socialist Republic of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
| Indian Ocean | |||
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Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
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Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands |
Cocos (Keeling) Islands |
introduced
invasive |
Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 37) |
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Comoros
Comoro Islands |
Comoro Islands |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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La Réunion (France)
La Réunion Island |
La Réunion Island |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Mauritius
Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues) |
Mauritius Island |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Seychelles
Seychelles Islands |
Seychelles Islands |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
Additional information: Additional online information about Phyla nodiflora is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).
Taxonomic information about Phyla nodiflora may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
References:
Cardenas, Juan/Reys, Carlos E./Doll, Jerry D./Pardo, Fernando. 1972. Tropical weeds; malezas tropicales, vol. 1. International Plant Protection Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 341 pp.
Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.
Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.
Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.
MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.
Orchard, Anthony E., ed. 1993. Flora of Australia. Vol. 50, Oceanic islands 2. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
Raulerson, L. 2006. Checklist of Plants of the Mariana Islands. University of Guam Herbarium Contribution 40:1-69. .
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar. 2003. Report to the Republic of Palau on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 174 pp.
Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim/Loope, Lloyd L. 2002. New plant records from the Hawaiian archipelago. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2000. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 69:16-27.
Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2007. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.
Vander Velde, Nancy. 2003. The vascular plants of Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Atoll Research Bulletin No. 503:1-141.
Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian. 2006. Plants of Kili Island, Marshall Islands. Unpublished checklist. 12 pp.
Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian. 2007. Arno plants [preliminary working listing of plant species]. Unpublished checklist, 13 pp.
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).
Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. 1988. Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch. 1365 pp.
Whistler, W. A. 2000. Tropical ornamentals: a guide. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 542 pp.
Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. 1999. Botanical survey of the United States of America Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) Islands. Prepared for Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education and the U. S. Army Environmental Center. 111 pp.
Wiggins, I. L./Porter, D. M. 1971. Flora of the Galapágos Islands. Stanford University Press. 998 pp.