Passiflora tarminiana Coppens & Barney, Passifloraceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 24 (Go to the risk assessment)

Common name(s): [more details]

English: banana passionfruit, banana poka

Spanish: curuba ecuatoriana, curuba india, curuba quiteña, tacso amarillo

Habit:  vine

Description:  "Liana, stem cylindrical, bark fibrous; internodes 6-12 cm long; indument canescent, soft to the tough.  Stipules acicular, auricular, and aristate, 4-7 x 2(-3) mm (1-3 mm long without the aristate apex), arista 3-4 mm long, early deciduous.  Petioles 1.5-4 cm, slightly caniculate adaxially, canescent-ferruginous pubescent with 1 to 4 pairs of adaxial glands.  Leaves trilobed, (7-)16(-29) cm wide; lobes ovate, acuminate; margin serrate, central lobe (5.5-) 11 (-16) x (2.5-) 5 (-8) cm, lateral lobes (5-) 9 (-16) x (2.3-) 4 (-7) cm; lamina moderately lustrous above, glabrescent or scarcely pubescent, trichomes mostly short, mixed with some very long; undersurface canescent-pubescent, the trichomes ferruginous along the nerves.  Flowers axillary, solitary, pendent; peduncles 3-10 cm, canescent-pubescent; bracts 3-4 x 2-3 cm, united halfway, margins entire, ovate, acuminate, nerves yellowish, reticulate venation visible, located 1 cm from hypanthium base; floral tube (including hypanthium) 6-8 x 0.7-1 cm, light green outside, whitish inside; nectar chamber semiglobose, 1.4-2 cm wide; operculum reflexed, margin recurved; annulus present; sepals and petals bright pink to light pink, one white sport seen, opening perpendicular at anthesis, then becoming reflexed later in the day or on the second day; sepals 4.5-6 x 1.2-2.5 cm, oblong, aristate subterminally, awn 3-4 mm; petals 3-6 mm shorter than the sepals; floral tube/sepal length ratio 1.3-1.6; corona reduced to a tuberculate ring at mouth of floral tube, white with purple base; androgynophore 7-10 cm, white; free staminal filaments 2 cm, white; anthers yellow; ovary fusiform, green, pubescent; styles white, stigmas green.  Fruit 10-14 x 3.5-4.5 cm, fusiform; young fruits canescent, the pericarp dark green with white dots except along the main vascular bundles, the dried styles persistent; during maturation dots disappearing and fruit turning yellow to orange yellow.  Seeds asymmetrical, reddish brown when dry, reticulate, acute, cordate; arils orange, sweet, and aromatic"  (Coppens d'Eechenbrugge et al., 2001)

Morphological comparison of three common or cultivated species of Passiflora subgenus Tacsonia.
	P. tarminiana	P. tripartita var. mollissima	P. mixta
Stem	Terete	Terete	Sub 5-angular
Leaf pubescence	Absent or nearly so on upper surface, moderate on lower surface	Dense on both sides; other varieties: variable, often glabrous at least on upper surface	Absent on upper surface, often absent to rarely dense on lower surface
Stipules	Small (4-7 mm long, 2-3 mm wide), subreniform, denticulate or serrulate, deciduous	Medium (6-12 mm long, 13-19 mm wide), reniform, serrulate to serrate, persistent	Medium to large (6-20 mm long, 12-30 mm wide), reniform, dentate or serrate, persistent
Peduncle	Slender, variable in length, flower pendent	Slender, short, flower pendent	Stout, variable in length, flower half-pendent to erect
Bracts	United ½ their length or more	United ½ their length or more	United ½ their length or more
Corolla color	Light pink, very rarely white	Pink to magenta	Light pink to bright red
Corolla shape	Corolla reflexed	Corolla campanulate	Corolla campanulate
Floral tube/sepal ratio	Tube/sepal length ratio ca. 1.3-1.6	Tube/sepal length ratio ca. 2.4-3.2	Tube/sepal length ratio ca. 1.6-2.6
Nectary chamber	Appreciably wider than floral tube	Slightly wider than floral tube	Slightly wider than floral tube
Fruits	Pericarp yellow, sometimes orange-tinged; arils orange, succulent	Pericarp pale yellow (var. mollissima) to yellow (var. tripartita); arils orange, succulent	Pericarp often green at maturity, sometimes turning yellow; arils gray to orange, scant

Source: Coppens d’Eechenbrugge et al., 2001

Habitat/ecology:  This light-loving vine can rapidly reach and smother the forest canopy when the sub-canopy vegetation is disturbed either naturally, by hurricanes and other high winds, or by man or feral pigs (Smith, 1985; p. 197).  In Hawai‘i, "a serious pest in mesic forest, 850-2,225 m"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1012); "smothers even tall trees in forests, forming a shroud"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Propagation:  Feral pigs, when present, are the principal short-distance dispersal agents (Warshauer et al. 1983). Alien frugivorous and granivorous birds as well as man act as long distance dispersal agents (Smith, 1985; p. 197).

Native range:  South America.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 48) Listed as Passiflora mollissima
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1012-1013)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1012-1013)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank L./Bartlett, R. T. (2000) (p. 7) East Maui. Voucher cited: Oppenheimer & Perlman H89942 (BISH)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	cultivated	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced	Owen, S. J. (1997) Passiflora mollissima, Passiflora mixta
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive cultivated	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (pp. 936-937) Passiflora mollissima (Kunth) L. Bailey, "Mainly forest and plantation margins, also on isolated trees, sometimes a serious weed"; Passiflora mixta L. f., "Margins of remnant forest stands, windbreaks, plantations, usually in the vicinity of settlements".

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)

Comments:  On the State of Hawai‘i noxious weed list and a major problem there.

All three of the species described above occur in New Zealand, although P. tripartita var. mollissima is the most invasive there (Jane Barton, communication to the Aliens listserver).

Control: 

Physical: Small plants can be hand pulled; older ones must be dug out. "Katie Cassel (Kōke‘e Museum) reported no regowth of 15 "stumps" following pulling with no herbicide treatment.  Controlled grazing may be possible in some areas"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Chemical:  "Chemical control difficult because of large, inaccessible biomass often growing over non-target plants. Santos et al. reported 5%, 50% and 100% glyphosate and triclopyr at the same concentrations were effective in killing cut stumps but many vines re-rooted if not treated. HAVO staff reported control with triclopyr amine, 10% of product in water applied to cut stumps (Chris Zimmer, HAVO)"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Biological: Studies on the biocontrol potential of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae are in progress in Hawai’i (Smith, 1985).

The following biological control agents have been released in Hawai‘i:

Pyrausta perelegans  (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)	bud feeder	Colombia	established, released 1991
Cyanotricha necyria  (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae)	defoliator	Colombia	not established, released 1989

In Hawai‘i, "Pyraustra perelegans Hampson (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) feeds on leaves and buds. It has been released in 1991 with little effect. It is established on the Big Island butpopulation levels are extremely variable. Cyanotrica necyria Felder (Lepidoptera Notodontidae), a leaf feeder from Ecuador and Colombia was released in 1988. It has established but has had no demonstrable effect. Further work on this species is desirable because it has a high potential completely defoliating plants.  Josia fluonia Druce (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae), a defoliator, has been recommended for release but is awaiting final approval. One experiment suggested that it could complete its life cycle on apple but the few insects that did complete their life cycle were in very poor condition. Recent experiments have shown that it can survive on the edible passionfruit (P. edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.) suggesting that the proposal for release should be reconsidered. Further work on this species is not recommended because the insect does not appear to have a significant impact on the target plant. Josia ligata Walker (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae), a defoliator, was brought into quarantine but the colony did not survive. Zapriotheca nr. nudiseta (Diptera: Drosophilidae) larvae feed on flower buds. It has passed host specificity testing, but has not been proposed for release yet. A fungus, Septoria passiflorae Sydenham (Deuteromycetes, Dothidiaceae), was released 1996 and has had an apparently dramatic defoliating effect in Laupahoehoe, Hawai‘i Island (D. E. Gardner, pers. comm.). Species of Odonna (Lepidoptera, Oecoriphoridae), a root crown borer, and Dasyops (Diptera, Lonchaeidae), a stem borer, should be studied in South America to obtain data on life history, host specificity, and impact"  (Smith et al., 2002; pp. 92-93).  For additional information on current biological control efforts in Hawai‘i see the Biological control in Hawai‘i website.

Additional information:
Excerpt from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).
Report (PDF format) from US Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Haleakala Field Station, Hawaii "Plants of Hawaii".
Additional information at the Woody Plant Ecology web site.
Information from the Purdue University NewCROP web site.
1-pagecolor-illustrated flyer from HEAR.
Information from the Global Invasive Species Database.

Additional online information about Passiflora tarminiana is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Passiflora tarminiana as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Passiflora tarminiana may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Coppens d’Eeckenbrugge, G./Barney, V. E./Jorgensen, P. M./MacDougal, J. M. 2001. Passiflora tarminiana, a new cultivated species of Passiflora subgenus Tacsonia (Passifloraceae). Novon 11(1):8-15.

Cronk, Q. C. B./Fuller, J. L. 2001. Plant invaders. Earthscan Publications, Ltd., London. 241 pp.

Henderson, Lesley. 1995. Plant invaders of Southern Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No. 5, Agriculture Research Council, ARC/LNR, Pretoria, South Africa. 177 pp.

Julien, M. H. (ed.). 1992. Biological control of weeds: A world catalogue of agents and their target weeds (third edition). CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 186 pp.

LaRosa, Anne M. 1984. The biology & ecology of Passiflora mollissima in Hawaii. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawai‘i, Department of Botany. Technical Report 50.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2000. Preliminary review of the invasive plants in the Pacific islands (SPREP Member Countries). In: Sherley, G. (tech. ed.). Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Samoa. 190 pp.

Motooka, Philip/Castro, Luisa/Nelson, Duane/Nagai, Guy/Ching, Lincoln. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa. 184 pp.

Motooka, Philip/Ching, Lincoln/Nagai, Guy. 2002. Herbicidal Weed Control Methods for Pasture and Natural Areas of Hawaii. Cooperative Extension Service, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i. CTAHR free publication WC-8.

Oppenheimer, Hank L./Bartlett, R. T. 2000. New plant records from Maui, O‘ahu, and the Hawai‘i Islands. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1999. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 64:1-10.

Owen, S. J. 1997. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: A database. Working draft. Wellington, New Zealand. Department of Conservation.

Raulerson, L. 2006. Checklist of Plants of the Mariana Islands. University of Guam Herbarium Contribution 37:1-69. .

Santos, Gregory L./Linda W. Cuddihy, Linda W./Stone, Charles P. 1991. A test of two herbicides for use on banana poka (Passiflora mollissima) (Kunth) L.H. Bailey in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawai‘i, Department of Botany. Technical Report 79.

Smith, Clifford W. 1985. Impact of Alien Plants on Hawai‘i's Native Biota. In: Stone, Charles P. and Scott, J. Michael, eds. Hawai‘i's terrestrial ecosystems: preservation and Management. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii, Manoa.

Smith, Clifford W./ Denslow, Julie/ Hight, Stephen. 2002. Proceedings of workshop on biological control of native ecosystems in Hawai‘i. Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit (University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany) Technical Report 129. 122 pages.

Timmins, S. M./Mackenzie, I. W. 1995. Weeds in New Zealand protected natural areas database. Wellington, New Zealand. Department of Conservation, , Technical Series No. 8. 287 pp.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Warshauer, F. R./Jacobi, J. D./La Rosa, A. M./Scott, J. M./Smith, C. W. 1983. The distribution, impact, and potential management of the introduced vine Passiflora mollissima (passifloraceae) in Hawaii. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawai‘i, Department of Botany. Technical Report 48.

Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. 1988. Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch. 1365 pp.