Passiflora maliformis L., Passifloraceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Common name(s): [more details]

English: conch apple, hard-shelled passionfruit, sweet calabash, sweet cup

French: pomme calabas, pomme calebasse

Maori (Cook Islands): ka‘atene Maori, katinga Maori, pārapōutini ‘enua, pārapōutini Maori

Rotuman: oi peul moumou

Samoan: pasio

Spanish: chalupa, curuba, granadilla de hueso

Tongan: vaine Tonga, vaine kai, vaini

Habit:  vine

Description:  "Leaves with blades entire, ovate, 13-17 x 6.5-9.5 cm, base rounded or subcordate, apex short acuminate, petioles 3-4 cm long with 1-2 pairs of sessile glands; stipules deciduous, floral bracts large, 3-parted, nearly enclosing the mature fruits; fruits spheroidal, 3.5-4 cm in diameter, fruit wall yellowish green, hard and woody, 5 mm thick; seed arils translucent white, grape-flavored" (Lorence et al., 1995; p. 43).

"Glabrous, woody, tendril-bearing vine.  Leaves alternate, ovate-elliptical, up to 15 or more cm long and 8 cm wide, base rounded or subcordate, apex acuminate, petioles 3-5 cm long, bearing 2 glands.  Flowers solitary, purplish, axillary on peduncles 5 or more cm long.  Fruit about 4 cm long, rind hard" (Yuncker, 1943; pp. 86-87).

"Liane ligneuse grimpante pouvant atteindre 3 à 6 m de longueur, reconnaissable à ses grandes feuilles simples, ovales, et ses gros fruits ronds à coque lisse, épaisse et dure, devenant pourpre à mâturité"  (Meyer, 2008; p. 33).

Habitat/ecology:  Naturalizes in disturbed areas from sea level to 300 m. In New Caledonia, "parfois cultivé; assez répandu en fourrés secondaires" (MacKee, 1994; p. 113).

Propagation:  Seed, spread by birds and animals.

Native range:  Northern South America.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 37)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 161)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 168848) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 430301) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Chile (offshore islands) Rapa Nui (Easter) Island	Rapa Nui (Easter) Island (Isla de Pasqua)	introduced invasive cultivated	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2008) (pp. 33, 42) "Nous l’avons vu plantée à plusieurs endroits dans le village de Hanga Roa et subspontanée en bordure de route grimpant aux arbres" (Meyer, 2008; p. 33).
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 82)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 88) Voucher: Flynn 7021 (PTBG, BISH, US)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 354) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	cultivated	McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 93)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 99) Voucher: Flynn 7047 (PTBG)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 369) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 89)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 70)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 168830) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 618554) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Thithia Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 669) Voucher cited: Bryan 560
Fiji Fiji Islands	Thithia Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 168910) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 669) Voucher cited: DA 12952
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 669) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 216, Degener & Ordonez 13673
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: D.H. Lorence & J.-Y. Meyer 9037 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39335) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39474) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 12160 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence & R. Tahuaitu 11669 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 643305) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 11852 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 649941) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1981) (voucher ID: PTBG 38208) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10407 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 642436) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) "Communément cultivée à Tahiti oú elle se naturalise". Voucher cited: J. Florence 2796 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 5641 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 553328) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 5543 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 553338) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1981) (voucher ID: BISH 561524) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy W./Wagner, Warren L. (1995) (p. 43) Voucher cited: D. Lorence 6417 (BISH, F, MO, PTBG, US) Sparingly naturalized locally.
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Lifou	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 113) Voucher cited: Däniker 2459 (Z)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Maré	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 113) Voucher cited: Baumann 14562
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 113) Vouchers cited: MacKee 5472, MacKee 7859, Schmid 1170 (NOU), MacKee 21041, MacKee 30330, MacKee 37924
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 164) Voucher cited: CHR 169814
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 32)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 25)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 87) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9844 (BISH) "Frequent in thickets as an escape".
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 104) "Forest edges".
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10748 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 643230) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 427870) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 428253) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1923) (voucher ID: BISH 429254) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka and Foa Islands	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 74) Voucher: Flynn 6889 (PTBG)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka and Foa Islands		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 240) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 62)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 54) Voucher cited: Soakai 1047 (EI)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 192) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15479
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 168835) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 55)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 54) Voucher cited: Lawrence 25
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 192) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15041
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 41196) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 168836) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 429070) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Tafahi Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 192) Voucher cited: Hürlimann 518
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Êfaté (Efete) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 424756) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Futuna Island	introduced cultivated	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (pp. 12, 37)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 32)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Colombia	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2013) Envahissant principalement dans les milieux perturbés.

Comments:  On French Polynesia noxious weed list.

Control:  "La lutte manuelle par arrachage et coupe des lianes associée éventuellement à une lutte chimique par traitement des souches des lianes non déracinables sont réalisables" (Meyer, 2008; p. 33).