Passiflora maliformis L., Passifloraceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Common name(s): [more details]

English: conch apple, hard-shelled passionfruit, sweet calabash, sweet cup

French: pomme calabas, pomme calebasse

Maori (Cook Islands): ka‘atene Maori, katinga Maori, pārapōutini ‘enua, pārapōutini Maori

Rotuman: oi peul moumou

Samoan: pasio

Spanish: chalupa, curuba, granadilla de hueso

Tongan: vaine kai, vaine Tonga, vaini

Habit:  vine

Description:  "Leaves with blades entire, ovate, 13-17 x 6.5-9.5 cm, base rounded or subcordate, apex short acuminate, petioles 3-4 cm long with 1-2 pairs of sessile glands; stipules deciduous, floral bracts large, 3-parted, nearly enclosing the mature fruits; fruits spheroidal, 3.5-4 cm in diameter, fruit wall yellowish green, hard and woody, 5 mm thick; seed arils translucent white, grape-flavored" (Lorence et al., 1995; p. 43).

"Glabrous, woody, tendril-bearing vine.  Leaves alternate, ovate-elliptical, up to 15 or more cm long and 8 cm wide, base rounded or subcordate, apex acuminate, petioles 3-5 cm long, bearing 2 glands.  Flowers solitary, purplish, axillary on peduncles 5 or more cm long.  Fruit about 4 cm long, rind hard" (Yuncker, 1943; pp. 86-87).

"Liane ligneuse grimpante pouvant atteindre 3 à 6 m de longueur, reconnaissable à ses grandes feuilles simples, ovales, et ses gros fruits ronds à coque lisse, épaisse et dure, devenant pourpre à mâturité"  (Meyer, 2008; p. 33).

Habitat/ecology:  Naturalizes in disturbed areas from sea level to 300 m. In New Caledonia, "parfois cultivé; assez répandu en fourrés secondaires" (MacKee, 1994; p. 113).

Propagation:  Seed, spread by birds and animals.

Native range:  Northern South America.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 37)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 161)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 168848) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 430301) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Chile (offshore islands) Rapa Nui (Easter) Island	Rapa Nui (Easter) Island (Isla de Pasqua)	introduced invasive cultivated	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2008) (pp. 33, 42) "Nous l’avons vu plantée à plusieurs endroits dans le village de Hanga Roa et subspontanée en bordure de route grimpant aux arbres" (Meyer, 2008; p. 33).
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 82)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 88) Voucher: Flynn 7021 (PTBG, BISH, US)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 354) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	cultivated	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 93)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 99) Voucher: Flynn 7047 (PTBG)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 369) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 89)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 70)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 168830) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 618554) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Thithia Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 669) Voucher cited: Bryan 560
Fiji Fiji Islands	Thithia Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 168910) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 669) Voucher cited: DA 12952
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 669) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 216, Degener & Ordonez 13673
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: D.H. Lorence & J.-Y. Meyer 9037 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39335) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39474) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 12160 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence & R. Tahuaitu 11669 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 643305) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 11852 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 649941) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1981) (voucher ID: PTBG 38208) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10407 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 642436) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) "Communément cultivée à Tahiti oú elle se naturalise". Voucher cited: J. Florence 2796 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 5641 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 553328) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 5543 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 553338) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1981) (voucher ID: BISH 561524) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy W./Wagner, Warren L. (1995) (p. 43) Voucher cited: D. Lorence 6417 (BISH, F, MO, PTBG, US) Sparingly naturalized locally.
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Lifou	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 113) Voucher cited: Däniker 2459 (Z)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Maré	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 113) Voucher cited: Baumann 14562
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 113) Vouchers cited: MacKee 5472, MacKee 7859, Schmid 1170 (NOU), MacKee 21041, MacKee 30330, MacKee 37924
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 164) Voucher cited: CHR 169814
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 32)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 25)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 87) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9844 (BISH) "Frequent in thickets as an escape".
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 104) "Forest edges".
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10748 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 643230) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 427870) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 428253) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1923) (voucher ID: BISH 429254) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka and Foa Islands	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 74) Voucher: Flynn 6889 (PTBG)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka and Foa Islands		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 240) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 62)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 54) Voucher cited: Soakai 1047 (EI)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 192) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15479
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 168835) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 55)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 54) Voucher cited: Lawrence 25
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 192) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15041
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 41196) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 168836) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 429070) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Tafahi Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 192) Voucher cited: Hürlimann 518
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Êfaté (Efete) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 424756) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora maliformis L.
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Futuna Island	introduced cultivated	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (pp. 12, 37)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 32)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2010) Envahissant principalement dans les milieux perturbés.

Comments:  On French Polynesia noxious weed list.

Control:  "La lutte manuelle par arrachage et coupe des lianes associée éventuellement à une lutte chimique par traitement des souches des lianes non déracinables sont réalisables" (Meyer, 2008; p. 33).

Additional information:
Information from the Purdue University NewCROP web site.
Information from the Global Invasive Species Database.

Additional online information about Passiflora maliformis is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Passiflora maliformis as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Passiflora maliformis may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 428253 (Eames, A.J. 180).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1923. Voucher specimen #BISH 429254 (Wilder, G.P. 4 (=204)).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 168910 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 560).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 168830 (Wilder, G.P. 962).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 618554 (St.John, H. 19418).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 168848 (Yuncker, T.G. 9425).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 168835 (Yuncker, T.G. 15479).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 168836 (Yuncker, T.G. 15041).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 41196 (Lawrence, E. 125).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 427870 (Whistler, W.A. W 3516).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 429070 (Kirch, H. 330).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 430301 (Whistler, W.A. W 3606).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 424756 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1592).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1981. Voucher specimen #BISH 561524 (Hallé, N. 7154).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 553328 (Florence, J. 5641).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 553338 (Florence, J. 5543).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 642436 (Florence 10407).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 643230 (Florence 10748).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 643305 (Florence 11669).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1993. Voucher specimen #BISH 649941 (Florence 11852).

Charles Darwin Foundation. 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos. Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos, Ecuador.

Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France. 2010. Les espéces envahissantes en outre-mer (online resource).

Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. 2011. Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP). (online resource).

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy W./Wagner, Warren L. 1995. Contributions to the flora of Hawai‘i. III. New additions, range extensions, and rediscoveries of flowering plants. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1994. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 41:19-58.

Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. 2008. Flora of the Marquesas Islands. National Tropical Botanical Garden and the Smithsonian Institution. Online database.

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

McCormack, Gerald. 2011. Cook Islands Biodiversity Database, Version 2007.2. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotonga.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2000. Preliminary review of the invasive plants in the Pacific islands (SPREP Member Countries). In: Sherley, G. (tech. ed.). Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Samoa. 190 pp.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2007. Rapport de mission sur l'Ile d'Uvea (Wallis & Futuna) du 6 au 17 Novembre 2007: Inventaire preliminaire de la flore vasculaire secondaire [unpublished report]. Délégation à la Recherche, Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Recherche, B.P. 20981 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française. 39 pp.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2008. Rapport de mission d'expertise a Rapa Nui du 02 au 11 Juin 2008: Plan d'action strategique pour lutter contre les plantes introduites envahissantes sur Rapa Nui (Île de pâques) [Strategic action plan to control invasive alien plants on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) [unpublished report]. Délégation à la Recherche, Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement supérieur et la Recherche, B.P. 20981 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française. 62 pp. .

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 1981. Voucher specimen #PTBG38208(Art Whistler W 4873).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2001. Voucher specimen #PTBG240(Tim Flynn 6889).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2002. Voucher specimen #PTBG354(Tim Flynn 7021).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2002. Voucher specimen #PTBG369(Tim Flynn 7047).

Smith, Albert C. 1981. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 2. 810 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2000. Observations on invasive plant species in American Samoa.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 51 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2000. Report to the Government of Niue on invasive plant species of environmental concern.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 34 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2001. Report to the Kingdom of Tonga on invasive plant species of environmental concern.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 78 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2002. Report to the Government of the Cook Islands on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 146 pp.

Sykes, W. R. 1970. Contributions to the flora of Niue. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 200, Wellington. 321 pp.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Waterhouse, D. F. 1997. The major invertebrate pests and weeds of agriculture and plantation forestry in the Southern and Western Pacific. The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 93 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1980. The vegetation of eastern Samoa. Allertonia 2:45-90.

Whistler, W. A. 1988. Checklist of the weed flora of western Polynesia. Technical Paper No. 194, South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 69 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1990. Ethnobotany of the Cook Islands: The plants, their Maori names, and their uses. Allertonia 5(4):347-424.

Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flora of Tonga [unpublished checklist]. 107 pp.

Yuncker, T. G. 1943. The flora of Niue Island. Bishop Mus. Bull. 178. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 126 pp.

Yuncker, T. G. 1959. Plants of Tonga. Bishop Museum Bull. 220. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 343 pp.