Passiflora foetida L., Passifloraceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Common name(s): [more details]

Chamorro: dulce, kinahulo‘ atdao

Chuukese: bombom

English: fit-weed, love-in-a-mist, mossy passion flower, red fruit passionflower, running pop, scarlet fruited passion flower, stinking passionflower, wild passionfruit, wild water lemon

Fijian: loliloli ni kalavo, qaranidila, sou

French: Marie goujeat, Marie-Gougeat, passiflore, passiflore fétide, petite grenadille, poc-poc, poc-poc sauvage, toque molle

Hawaiian: lani wai, pohāpohā

I-Kiribati: te biku

Japanese: kusa-tokeiso

Kwara‘ae: kakalifaka, kwalo kakali

Nauruan: oatamo, watamo

Niuean: vine vao

Palauan: kudamono

Pohnpeian: pompom, pwomwpwomw

Samoan: pāsio vao, pasio vao, pāsio vao

Spanish: bedoca, bejuco canastilla, bembillo, catapanza, cinco-llagas, granadilla, granadilla cimarrona, granadilla colorado, granadilla de culebra, granadilla montes, granadilla silvestre, injito colorado, parchita, pasiflora hedionda, pasionara hedionda, pedón, sandia de culebra, sandia de culebra, sandia de ratón, simito, vedoca

Tongan: vaine ‘initia

Yapese: tomates

Habit:  vine

Description:  "A fetid, herbaceous, hairy, perennial vine, scrambling or climbing to 5 m or more by axillary, unbranched, coiling tendrils with soft to hard, yellow to brown hairs; stems slender, green, round, covered with yellowish fine hairs; leaves alternate, thin, ovate to ovate-oblong, 4.5 to 14 cm long, 3.5 to 13 cm wide, 3-lobed with central lobe slightly longer than others, base cordate, pale green or yellowish, soft but densely hairy, venation distinct; petiole 2 to 10 cm long; flowers solitary in leaf axils, on stalk 3.5 cm long, white to pale-purple or pinkish, about 3 cm across, within corolla is a collar or corona of 2 rows of purple filaments with white tips, spreading out flat and nearly as long as petals, flower subtended by prominent involucre of 3 pale green bracts that are 1- to 3-pinnately divided into numerous segments, the ultimate segments glandular; sepals 5, white, linear, 1.5 cm long, pale; petals 5, linear; stamens 5, anthers large; filaments united in a tube; carpels 3, syncarpous; pistils 3, each with 2- or 3-lobed stigma; ovary intermediate, 1-locular with many ovules; fruit an indehiscent berry or capsule, yellow, red or orange, globular, dry inflated, 2 to 3 cm long, surrounded by the shaggy involucral bracts; seeds numerous, wedge-shaped to ovate, about 4 mm long, with coarse reticulate pattern centrally each side, seeds covered with white, sweet pulp.  The filamentous corona with purple base and white in upper half, the prominent and persistent involucre of bracts that are pinnately divided, and the disagreeable odor of all parts when crushed are distinguishing characteristics of this species"  (Holm et al., 1997; p. 572).

"Perennial vine, the stems hispid, with tendrils; leaves 3-lobed, the lobing shallow to halfway to the midvein; lobe-apices acute; leaf base subcordate; both sides hispid-hirsute; blades 5-10 cm long, equally wide; petiole 2-5 cm long; flowers solitary in axils, 4-5 cm wide, purple and white on pedicels 3-7 cm long; fruit yellow to orange; subglobose, thin leathery-skinned, nearly 2 cm think, with many seeds; pulp scanty, sweetly tart.  The very finely laciniate sepals enclosing the fruit probably gave rise to the curious common name" (Stone, 1970; p. 430).

Habitat/ecology:  An invader on disturbed sites, forms a dense ground cover which prevents or delays the establishment of other species.  Favors wet areas.  "The plant thrives on many soil types, including peat, and prefers moist tropical areas and wet seasons in Australia and Hawaii, while frequenting drier areas in Fiji.  It is found most often in plantation crops, grows vigorously in neglected plantings, and because it tends to infest work roads and field borders the wee may spread into crops.  It is common on seashores, river banks, bushland, highway borders, wastelands, and seeks out disturbed areas.  In plantation crops of the tree habit, the weed tends to be most severe in mature plantings where there is some shade" (Holm et al., 1997; p. 572).

In Hawai‘i, "naturalized and common in disturbed sites, especially on dry rock outcrops, ‘a‘ā lava, and in sandy soils, 0-500 m"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1011).  In Fiji, "a scrambling and twining vine, naturalized as a weed along roadsides and in coastal thickets, patches of forest, and canefields at elevations from near sea level to about 200 m"  (Smith, 1981; pp. 667-668). Arid lowlands and moist uplands in the Galápagos Islands (McMullen, 1999; p. 303). In Guam, "in waste ground, secondary thickets, and abandoned fields" (Stone, 1970; p. 430). In New Guinea, "a weed of roadsides, plantation margins and rough pastures. Widespread at low altitudes" (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p. 132). In New Caledonia, "assez commun comme mauvaise herbe" (MacKee, 1994; p. 113).

Propagation:  Seed, commonly eaten and dispersed by birds and mammals (Smith, 2002; p. 52).

Native range:  South America, now a pan-tropical weed.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 40)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Whistler 3447
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 42)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 47)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Whistler 3184
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1975) (voucher ID: BISH 430266) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 37)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1959) (voucher ID: BISH 168852) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 168854) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1974) (voucher ID: BISH 418118) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 175)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 34) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 2327 (US), Fosberg 31424 (US, BISH, Fo)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 168871) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Aguijan (Agiguan, Aguihan) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1952) (voucher ID: BISH 168882) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 175)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 34) Voucher cited: Falanruw 1885 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 175)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 34) Vouchers cited: Anderson 510 (US, BISH, Fo), Anderson 527 (US, BISH, Fo, NY), Bonham 3 (US, Fo), Fosberg 31372 (US), Moore 404 (US), Moore 309 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 60) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-59042
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 168872) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 635252) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 1000036) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 175)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1952) (voucher ID: BISH 168881) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 512389) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 175)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 647706) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 175)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 34) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1762 (US), Falanruw 1717 (US), Evans 2427 (US, BISH, Fo, NY)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 647705) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 175)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 168877) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 572458) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 647707) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007) Recorded by the Cook Islands Natural Heritage Project. Not common.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1935) (voucher ID: BISH 168887) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fano Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 633447) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (pp. 7, 29)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (pp. 7, 29)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (pp. 7, 29)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 647709) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Waguk, Erick E. (2000) (p. 6)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (2005) (p. 19)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 63)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 658206) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 175)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (pp. 59-60) Voucher cited: Glassman 2409 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (1998) (p. 26) Voucher cited: Lorence 8054 (PTBG)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 168886) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 168888) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 168889) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 168893) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 438227) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Tomil Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 168892) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 175)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1948) (voucher ID: BISH 561325) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 667-668) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 820
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 667-668) Vouchers cited: Smith 6908, Bierhorst F17
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 168914) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 667-668) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 820, Degener & Ordonez 13686, DA 9481, DA 11350, Greenwood 820A, Smith 9341, DA 10747, DA 7045, DA 11740, DA 6033, DA 11810, DA 9945, DA 10606
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1959) (voucher ID: BISH 14697) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 168908) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 168912) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 168913) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1940) (voucher ID: BISH 168915) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 601897) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 1000533) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hatutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 601617) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hatutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 1000534) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hatutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1901) (voucher ID: BISH 1001078) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Marquesas Islands	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 212)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 543319) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 212) Voucher cited: Grant 5255
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 607242) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 643295) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 212) Voucher cited: H.M. Smith 96
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 168799) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 212) Vouchers cited: BRY 25364, BRY 25737
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491358) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 492096) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 212) Voucher cited: Fosberg 63430
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 607232) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 212) Vouchers cited: Setchell & Parks 3, Grant 4566, BRY 25984
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 606173) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 647713) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 698950) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 647711) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 698951) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Rangiroa (Rairoa) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491620) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Rangiroa (Rairoa) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 633834) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 30) Vouchers cited: Sachet 2008 (US), Sachet 2058 (US)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tuamotu Islands		? (year unknown)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 543337) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (pp. 430-431) Voucher cited: Stone 4012 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 175)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 507736) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 647708) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1011)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1011)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank L./Bartlett, Randal T. (2002) (p. 10) Voucher cited: Oppenheimer H109921 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lehua Island	introduced invasive	Wood, K. R./LeGrande, Maya (2006) (p. 25) Voucher cited: K.R. Wood et al. 10190 (BISH, PTBG, US)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1011)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Herbarium Pacificum Staff (1996) (p. 6) Voucher cited: Maurice Major s.n. (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1011)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1011)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 27)
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 80521) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 603888) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 603889) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 175) var. gossypifolia
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 175) var. hispida
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 12)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 175)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (pp. 180-181) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58592 (US), Scully 117N (US), Thaman & Manner 54 (SUVA), Swarbrick 9581 (BRIU)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 438354) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
New Caledonia Îles Bélep (Belep Islands)	Île Art	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 113) Voucher cited: MacKee 19312
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Lifou	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 113) Vouchers cited: Däniker 2124a (Z), Schmid 634
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Ouvéa (Ouvea Atoll)	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 113) Voucher cited: Däniker 2124 (Z)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 382) Assez commune.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 113) Vouchers cited: Franc A 840 s.loc., MacKee 3642, MacKee 24519, MacKee 30869, MacKee 37300, MacKee 40556
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 32) Voucher cited: Sykes 1225
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 6)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 41) Voucher cited: Whistler 10851
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 9)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 88)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 175)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 86)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 168883) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 646436) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 651085) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 175)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 82)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 168884) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 647710) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 82)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 175)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 82)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 90)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 64)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Nu‘utele Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 427954) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 12)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 168850) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 12)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 28761) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 168851) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 168853) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1979) (voucher ID: BISH 439198) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1876) (voucher ID: BISH 607080) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 402118) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 95)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 97)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘afeva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 640432) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘ano Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 10)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Kao Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 639487) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 192) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15727
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1959) (voucher ID: BISH 41186) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 168840) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1960) (voucher ID: BISH 168841) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka and Foa Islands	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 10)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Nomuka Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 192) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15807
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Nomuka Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 168839) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 645867) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	‘Uiha Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 10)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 192) "Frequent throughout Tonga".
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1959) (voucher ID: BISH 41295) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 10)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 10)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 54) Vouchers cited: Ilolahia 186, Soakai 307, Soakai 471
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 192) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15159
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 36539) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 41252) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 168838) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 10)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 175)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1969) (p. 11) Vouchers cited: Sachet 884a (US), Sachet 878 (US), McFarlane 77 (US)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 633251) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Êfaté (Efete) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 424757) Taxon name on voucher: Passiflora foetida L.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 95)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Alofi Island	introduced invasive	Orapa, Warea (2005)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Futuna (Horne) Island	introduced invasive	Orapa, Warea (2005)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis Island	introduced invasive	Orapa, Warea (2005)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 95)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 107) Secondary forest.

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)		Hafliger, Toni J./Wolf, Matthias (1988) (p. 223)
Australia Australia (continental)	New South Wales		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 570)
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	introduced invasive	Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (p. 52)
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 570)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (p. 52)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 570)
China China	China (People's Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 570)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 573)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 570)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Negara Brunei Darussalam Brunei	Brunei (Negara Brunei Darussalam)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 573)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 122)
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 37)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 573)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Lavergne, Christophe (2006) "Envahissant"
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (pp. 570, 574)

Control:  Biological: See Waterhouse (1994; pp. 184-189) for natural enemies.

Additional information:  Photo and additional information at the University of Guam "Plants of Guam" web site.

Additional online information about Passiflora foetida is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Passiflora foetida may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1876. Voucher specimen #BISH 607080 (Sachet, M.-H. 2246).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1901. Voucher specimen #BISH 1001078 (S.Perlman 10079).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 168851 (Eames, A.J. 87).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 168853 (Christophersen, E. 354).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1935. Voucher specimen #BISH 168887 (Takamatsu, M. 90).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 168888 (Takamatsu, M. 730).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 168854 (Yuncker, T.G. 9398).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1940. Voucher specimen #BISH 168915 (Degener, O. 13686).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 168877 (Fosberg, F.R. 24765).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 168883 (Fosberg, F.R. 25709).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 168889 (Wong, C.C.Y. 64).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 168892 (Hosaka, E.Y. 3273).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 168893 (Fosberg, F.R. 26313).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 647706 (Fosberg, F.R. 25172).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 647707 (Fosberg, F.R. 24765).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 168914 (Smith, A.C. 6908).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 402118 (Giffen 36).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1948. Voucher specimen #BISH 561325 (Wong, C.C.Y. 323).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 168886 (Glassman, S.F. 2409).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 168871 (Fosberg, F.R. 31424).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 168872 (Fosberg, F.R. 31372).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 168884 (Fosberg, F.R. 32098).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1952. Voucher specimen #BISH 168881 (Kondo, Y.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1952. Voucher specimen #BISH 168882 (Kondo, Y.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 168838 (Yuncker, T.G. 15159).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 168839 (Yuncker, T.G. 15807).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 168840 (Yuncker, T.G. 15727).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 168912 (Smith, A.C. 9625).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 168913 (Smith, A.C. 9341).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 41252 (Flolahia, V. 186).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1959. Voucher specimen #BISH 14697 (Pillay, S. 11810).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1959. Voucher specimen #BISH 41186 (Soakai, E. 307).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1959. Voucher specimen #BISH 41295 (Soakai, E. 471).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1959. Voucher specimen #BISH 168852 (Wisner, A.W. 12).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1960. Voucher specimen #BISH 168841 (Hotta, M. 4588).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 168908 (Koroiveibau, D. 14461).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 647710 (Fosberg, F.R. 47531).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1966. Voucher specimen #BISH 647705 (Evans, M. 2427).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1966. Voucher specimen #BISH 647708 (Evans, M. 1611).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 168799 (Smith, H.M. 96).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 28761 (Bristol, M.L. 2233).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 168850 (Walker, A.K.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 507736 (Cushing Falanruw, M.V. 939).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 36539 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1297).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 80521 (Russell, D.J. 29).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1974. Voucher specimen #BISH 418118 (Whistler, W.A. W 1464).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1975. Voucher specimen #BISH 430266 (Whistler, W.A. W 3148).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 607242 (Baré, D. 107).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 424757 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1598).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 427954 (Whistler, W.A. W 4119).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 438227 (Fosberg, F.R. 58406).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 438354 (Fosberg, F.R. 58592).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1979. Voucher specimen #BISH 439198 (Cox, P.A. 357).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 647709 (Fosberg, F.R. 60313).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 491358 (Florence, J. 3682).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 491620 (Florence, J. 4074).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 492096 (Florence, J. 3391).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 572458 (Aguon, C. 106).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 603888 (Wester, L. 2093).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 603889 (Wester, L. 2093).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 607232 (Fosberg, F.R. 63430).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 639487 (G.Buelow 2963).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 640432 (G.Buelow 3268).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 645867 (G.Buelow 2570).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 698950 (Florence, J. 2276).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 698951 (Florence, J. 3028).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 543337 (Florence, J. 6014).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 543319 (Florence, J. 6703).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 635252 (Herbst, D.R. 7276).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000036 (Herbst, D.R. 7276).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 512389 (Flis, J. LR11307).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 606173 (Fosberg, F.R. 65011).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 647711 (Fosberg, F.R. 64680).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 647713 (Fosberg, F.R. 65011).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 601617 (J.Florence 9416).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 601897 (J.Florence 9346).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000533 (W.L.Wagner 6166).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000534 (S.Perlman 10079).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 633834 (Florence 9999).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 643295 (Florence 11651).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1993. Voucher specimen #BISH 633251 (E.J.Funk Wake 18).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1993. Voucher specimen #BISH 633447 (A.K.Kepler 93-25).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1996. Voucher specimen #BISH 646436 (Slappy, S. LR26397).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1996. Voucher specimen #BISH 651085 (Slappy, S. LR26397).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1996. Voucher specimen #BISH 658206 (Flynn, T. 6043).

Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

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