L., Poaceae
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L., Poaceae |
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Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Threat only at high elevations? no
Risk assessment results: Reject, score: 9 (Go to the risk assessment)
Common name(s): [more details]
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English: angel grass, galmarra grass, Russell river grass |
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French: herbe de la mission |
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Maori (Cook Islands): matie manutai, mauku, taravao ‘uru‘uru |
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Spanish: arrocillo |
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Tahitian: ‘ofe‘ofe |
Habit: grass
Description: "Perennial grass. Culms erect to ascending, 50-100 cm long, sometimes rooting from the lower node, nodes often long-hairy. Leaf sheath long-hairy, striate, often longer than internodes; ligule less than 1 mm long, membranous. Leaf blade 1040 x 0.8-2 cm; surfaces hairy, with a tuft of long white hairs at the base, midrib prominent beneath; margins scabrous. Inflorescence of 15-20 spreading to drooping racemes from an axis 10-20 cm long, the lower racemes up to 8 cm long. Spikelets nearly round, ca. 1.5 mm long, brown, crowded together in pairs on the slender, winged rachis, which often bears scattered stiff hairs. Lower glume absent, upper glume and sterile lemma similar, slightly pubescent" (Whistler, 1995; p. 178).
Description from World Grass Species.
Habitat/ecology: "Occasional to locally abundant on fallow land, on roadsides, and in crops such as taro" (Whistler, 1983; p. 93). "In moist open ground and on brushy slopes, often a weed in cultivated ground and along roadsides" (Wiggins & Porter, 1971; pp. 872-873). Moist disturbed areas up to 900 m elevation.
In Fiji, naturalized "in waste places, pastures, along roadsides, on hillsides, and on plantations and other cultivated areas" (Smith, 1979; p. 335). In New Caledonia, "introduit comme plante fourragère. Se rencontre maintenant surtout spontané" (MacKee, 1994; p. 61).
Propagation: Seed
Native range: Tropical America.
Presence:
| Pacific | |||
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Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
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American Samoa
Tutuila Islands |
Tutuila Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 37) |
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Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Rota Island |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54) |
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Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Rota Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 83-84)
Voucher cited: Herbst & Falanruw 6694 (US) |
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Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Saipan Island |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54) |
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Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Saipan Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 83-84)
Voucher cited: Herbst & Falanruw 6909 (US) |
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Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Tinian Island |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54) |
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Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Tinian Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 83-84)
Voucher cited: Herbst & Falanruw 6785 (US) |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Aitutaki Atoll | McCormack, Gerald (2007) | |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
‘Atiu Island | McCormack, Gerald (2007) | |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Mangaia Island | McCormack, Gerald (2007) | |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Ma‘uke Island | McCormack, Gerald (2007) | |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Rarotonga Island | McCormack, Gerald (2007) | |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Rarotonga Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 420148)
Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum paniculatum L. |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Rarotonga Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 666203)
Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum paniculatum L. |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Rarotonga Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 666501)
Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum paniculatum L. |
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Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Fernandina Group |
Fernandina Island |
native
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Charles Darwin Research Station (2005) |
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Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Floreana Group |
Floreana Island |
native
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Charles Darwin Research Station (2005) |
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Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
San Cristóbal Group |
San Cristóbal Island |
native
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Charles Darwin Research Station (2005) |
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Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Santa Cruz Group |
Santa Cruz Island |
native
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Charles Darwin Research Station (2005) |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Weno (Moen) Island | McCormack, Gerald (2007) | |
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Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Viti Levu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 335)
Vouchers cited: DA 8312, Smith 9675, DA 8980, DA 7319, DA 8968, DA 8694, DA 9401, DA 7034, DA 7760, DA 7775, DA 1327, DA 7685, DA 7705, DA 7732, C.R. Turbet 13, DA 9058, DA 8593 |
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Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Viti Levu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1935) (voucher ID: BISH 31618)
Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum paniculatum L. |
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Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Viti Levu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1954) (voucher ID: BISH 31740)
Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum paniculatum L. |
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Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Viti Levu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 126259)
Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum paniculatum L. |
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Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Viti Levu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 448503)
Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum paniculatum L. |
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French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Fatu Hiva Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 1000695)
Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum paniculatum L. |
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French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Marquesas Islands |
introduced
invasive |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 342) |
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French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 558045)
Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum paniculatum L. |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Huahine Island |
introduced
invasive |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 342)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 61190 |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Huahine Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 643298)
Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum paniculatum L. |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Maupiti (Maurua) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 15)
Vouchers cited: Raynal 17862, Fosberg 64845 (US), Morris 27 (US) |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Moorea Island |
introduced
invasive |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 342)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 63637 |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Moorea Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1981) (voucher ID: BISH 492116)
Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum paniculatum L. |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Moorea Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 586743)
Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum paniculatum L. |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 342)
Voucher cited: BRY 26067 |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 492080)
Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum paniculatum L. |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Taha‘a Island |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 104) |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
introduced
invasive |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 342)
Vouchers cited: Grant 4572, Parks & Setchell 370 |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1913) (voucher ID: BISH 638332)
Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum paniculatum L. |
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French Polynesia
Tuamotu Archipelago |
Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 560426)
Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum paniculatum L. |
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Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54) |
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Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 83-84)
Vouchers cited: Fosberg 59641 (US, BISH, POM, NY), Stone 4853 (GUAM), P. H. Moore 808 (US, GUAM), Fosberg 58188 (US, BISH, POM, K) |
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Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 588376)
Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum paniculatum L. |
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Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 589054)
Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum paniculatum L. |
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Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 1000140)
Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum paniculatum L. |
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State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Hawai‘i (Big) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1575, 1911)
Adventive. |
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State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Hawai‘i (Big) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Herbst, Derral R./Wagner, Warren L. (1999) (p. 28)
Vouchers cited: Cuddihy & Davis 527 (BISH), Nagata 4432 (BISH) Naturalized |
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State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
invasive |
Oppenheimer, Hank L. (2004) (p. 16)
West Maui. Voucher cited: Oppenheimer, P. Bily & F. Duvall H50222 (BISH, PTBG) |
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State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
invasive |
Oppenheimer, Hank (2007) (p. 29)
East Maui. Voucher cited: Oppenheimer H100509 (BISH, PTBG) |
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State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
O‘ahu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1575)
Adventive |
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State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
O‘ahu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Herbst, Derral R./Wagner, Warren L. (1999) (p. 28)
Voucher cited: Ripperton & Lyman s.n. (BISH 448985) Naturalized |
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New Caledonia
Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands) |
Îles Loyauté (Loyalty Islands) |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 61) |
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New Caledonia
New Caledonia |
New Caledonia Islands | Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 95) | |
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New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Belep |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 61) |
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New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 61)
Voucher cited: Le Rat 2186 |
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New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 10878)
Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum paniculatum L. |
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New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 126261)
Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum paniculatum L. |
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Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 45) |
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Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Angaur Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 88) |
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Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 86) |
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Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Koror Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 81) |
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Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Malakal Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 81) |
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Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Ngerkebesang Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 81) |
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Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) |
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) | Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 64) | |
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Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Savai‘i Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 70) |
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Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Upolu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 67) |
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Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Upolu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 126233)
Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum paniculatum L. |
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Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Upolu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1974) (voucher ID: BISH 418221)
Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum paniculatum L. |
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Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Upolu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 699852)
Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum paniculatum L. |
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Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands |
Solomon Islands | Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 95) | |
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Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands |
Solomon Islands |
introduced
invasive |
Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 97) |
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Tonga
Vava‘u Group |
Vava‘u Island |
Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 55)
Voucher cited: Buelow 1662 |
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Vanuatu
New Hebrides Islands |
Vanuatu (Republic of) | Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 95) | |
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Wallis and Futuna
Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands |
Wallis and Futuna Islands | Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 55) | |
| Pacific Rim | |||
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Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
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Australia
Australia (continental) |
Australia (continental) | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 268) | |
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Colombia
Colombia |
Colombia (Republic of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Costa Rica
Costa Rica |
Costa Rica (Republic of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Ecuador (Mainland)
Ecuador |
Ecuador (Republic of) (continental) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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El Salvador
El Salvador |
El Salvador (Republic of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Guatemala
Guatemala |
Guatemala (Republic of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Honduras
Honduras |
Honduras (Republic of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Mexico
Mexico |
Mexico (United Mexican States) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Nicaragua
Nicaragua |
Nicaragua (Republic of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Panama
Panama |
Panama (Republic of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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Perú
Perú |
Perú (Republic of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
| Indian Ocean | |||
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Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
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Mauritius
Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues) |
Mauritius Island |
probably native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
Additional information: Additional online information about Paspalum paniculatum is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).
Taxonomic information about Paspalum paniculatum may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
References:
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1913. Voucher specimen #BISH 638332 (Tilden, J.E. 1113).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 126233 (Eames, A.J. 138).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1935. Voucher specimen #BISH 31618 (Parham, B.E. 1327).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 126261 (Buchholz, J.T. 1508).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 10878 (Bryan Jr, E.H.; collector's voucher number unknown).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 126259 (Smith, A.C. 9675).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1954. Voucher specimen #BISH 31740 (Parham, J.W. 7319).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 448503 (Weiner, M.A. 115A).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 699852 (Whistler, W.A. W241).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1974. Voucher specimen #BISH 418221 (Whistler, W.A. W1554).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 420148 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1547).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 588376 (Fosberg, F.R. 58188).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 589054 (Fosberg, F.R. 59641).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1981. Voucher specimen #BISH 492116 (Florence, J. 2087).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 492080 (Florence, J. 3510).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 558045 (Florence, J. 4181).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 586743 (Fosberg, F.R. 63637).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 666203 (Sykes, W.R. 399904).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000140 (Herbst, D.R. 7105).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 560426 (Florence, J. 9027).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000695 (W.L.Wagner 6171).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 666501 (Sykes, W.R. 474499).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 643298 (Florence 11643).
Cardenas, Juan/Reys, Carlos E./Doll, Jerry D./Pardo, Fernando. 1972. Tropical weeds; malezas tropicales, vol. 1. International Plant Protection Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 341 pp.
Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.
Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1982. Micronesian Poaceae: Critical and distributional notes. Micronesica 18(2):45-102.
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1987. Flora of Maupiti, Society Islands. The Smithsonian Institution. Atoll Research Bulletin 294:1-70.
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesica 20:1-126.
Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.
Herbst, Derral R./Wagner, Warren L. 1999. Contributions to the flora of Hawai‘i. VII. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1998. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 58:12-36.
Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp.
MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.
McCormack, Gerald. 2007. Cook Islands biodiversity and natural heritage. On-line database.
Oppenheimer, Hank. 2007. New plant records from Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i for 2006. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2006. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 96:17-34.
Oppenheimer, Hank L. 2004. New Hawaiian plant records for 2003. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2003. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 79:8-20.
Smith, Albert C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 1. 494 pp.
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2000. Observations on invasive plant species in American Samoa. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 51 pp.
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2002. Report to the Government of Samoa on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 83 pp.
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate. 2004. Report to the Government of Niue and the United Nations Development Programme: Invasive plant species on Niue following Cyclone Heta. UNDP NIU/98/G31 - Niue Enabling Activity. 80 pp.
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar. 2003. Report to the Republic of Palau on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 174 pp.
Swarbrick, John T. 1997. Weeds of the Pacific Islands. Technical paper no. 209. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 124 pp.
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2007. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).
Waterhouse, D. F. 1997. The major invertebrate pests and weeds of agriculture and plantation forestry in the Southern and Western Pacific. The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 93 pp.
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