Paspalum distichum (PIER species info)

Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)

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Paspalum distichum
L., Poaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands? yes

Threat only at high elevations? no

Other Latin names: Paspalum paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn.

Common name(s): [more details]

English: couch paspalum, eternity grass, ginger grass, joint grass, knotgrass, knotroot paspalum, mercer grass, seaside millet, Thompson grass, water couch

Spanish: grama colorada, gramilla blanca

Habit: grass

Description: "Habit: Perennial; mat forming. Stolons present. Culms decumbent; 8-60 cm long. Ligule an eciliate membrane. Leaf-blades flat, or convolute; 3-14 cm long; 3-7 mm wide. Inflorescence composed of racemes. Racemes 2(-3); paired; unilateral; 2-8 cm long. Rhachis narrowly winged; angular. Spikelet packing abaxial; regular; 2 -rowed. Spikelets solitary. Fertile spikelets sessile. Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets ovate; dorsally compressed; turgidly plano-convex; acute; 3-4 mm long; falling entire. Glumes one the lower absent or obscure, or two (rarely); reaching apex of florets; thinner than fertile lemma. Lower glume when present ovate; 0.1-0.2 times length of spikelet; hyaline; 0 -veined. Lower glume lateral veins absent. Upper glume elliptic; 1 times length of spikelet; coriaceous; without keels; 3 -veined. Upper glume surface puberulous. Upper glume apex acute. Florets: Basal sterile florets barren; without significant palea. Lemma of lower sterile floret similar to upper glume; elliptic; 1 times length of spikelet; coriaceous; 3 -veined; acute. Fertile lemma ovate; gibbous; 2.5 mm long; indurate; pallid; without keel. Lemma margins involute. Lemma apex acute. Palea involute; indurate" (World Grass Species).

See also Paspalum vaginatum L. for records of this closely related species. Many occurrences throughout the Pacific region may be Paspalum vaginatum, misidentified as this species.

Habitat/ecology: "Heath- and shrubland, riparian habitats, freshwater wetlands. Within the native range, this C4 grass is found in sands and muds near the seashore, in saline soils and swamps. The grass forms dense mats of stolons and shallow rhizomes, outcompeting and displacing native vegetation" (Weber, 2003; p. 305).

Propagation: Seed and vegetatively. "The grass spreads mainly vegetatively. Pieces of stolons easily root and form new plants. Seeds remain viable in water for some while and are carried by streams long distances to start new infestations" (Weber, 2003; p. 305).

Native range: "It probably originates from tropical South America but the exact native range is obscure" (Weber, 2003; p. 305).

Presence:

Pacific

Country/Terr./St. &
Island group Location Cited status &
Cited as invasive &
Cited as cultivated &
Cited as aboriginal introduction? Reference &
Comments

Australia (Pacific offshore islands)
Lord Howe Island Lord Howe Island native
Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 12)
Voucher cited: J. Pickard 2716 (NSW)

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands Anatahan Island native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands Pagan Island native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands Saipan Island native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands Tinian Island native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands Dublon (Tonowas) Island native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands Fefan Island native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands Param Island native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands Satawan Atoll native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island Kosrae Island native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands Kapingamarangi Atoll native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands Mokil Atoll native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands Nukuoro Atoll native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands Pingelap Atoll native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands Pohnpei Island native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands Fais Island native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands Ulithi Atoll native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands Woleai Atoll native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands Yap (Waqab) Island native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Fiji
Fiji Islands Kandavu Island native
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 336)
Vouchers cited: C. R. Turbet 4, DA 2970

Fiji
Fiji Islands Lakemba Island native
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 336)
Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 941

Fiji
Fiji Islands Vanua Levu Island native
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 336)
Voucher cited: DA 16688

Fiji
Fiji Islands Viti Levu Island native
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 336)
Vouchers cited: Greenwood 227, DA 11706, DA 10125, DA 2346, DA 3965, DA 7759, DA 10061, DA L.11451, DA L.16688

French Polynesia
Society Islands Huahine Island native
Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 104)

French Polynesia
Society Islands Maupiti (Maurua) Island native
Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 104)

French Polynesia
Society Islands Moorea Island native
Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 104)

French Polynesia
Society Islands Raiatea (Havai) Island native
Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 104)

French Polynesia
Society Islands Taha‘a Island native
Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 104)

French Polynesia
Society Islands Tahiti Island native
Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 104)

Guam
Guam Island Guam Island native
Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 217)

Guam
Guam Island Guam Island native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands Kaua‘i Island introduced
invasive
Herbst, Derral R./Wagner, Warren L. (1999) (p. 28)
Voucher cited: Herbst 5954 (BISH)

State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands O‘ahu Island introduced
invasive
Herbst, Derral R./Wagner, Warren L. (1999) (p. 28)
Vouchers cited: Dillingham s.n. (BISH 120043), Dillingham s.n. (BISH 120044)

Kiribati
Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands Butaritari Atoll native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Kiribati
Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands Marakei Atoll native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Kiribati
Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands Nikunau Island native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Kiribati
Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands Tarawa Atoll native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain Ailinglaplap (Ailinglapalap) Atoll native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain Ailuk (Aelok) Atoll native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain Arno Atoll native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain Likiep Atoll native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Palau
Hatohobei Group Tobi Island native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Palau
Palau (main island group) Angaur Island native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Palau
Palau (main island group) Babeldaob Island native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Palau
Palau (main island group) Koror Island native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Palau
Palau (main island group) Ngerkebesang Island native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Palau
Palau (main island group) Peleliu Island native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Philippines
Philippine Islands Philippine Islands Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 267)

United States (other Pacific offshore islands)
Wake Islands Wake Island native
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Pacific Rim

Country/Terr./St. &
Island group Location Cited status &
Cited as invasive &
Cited as cultivated &
Cited as aboriginal introduction? Reference &
Comments

Australia
Australia (continental) Australia (continental) introduced
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)

Chile (continental)
Chile Chile (Republic of) Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 267)

China
China China (People's Republic of) Li-ying, Li/Ren, Wang/Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 174)

Colombia
Colombia Colombia (Republic of) Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 267)

Ecuador (Mainland)
Ecuador Ecuador (Republic of) (continental) Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 267)

El Salvador
El Salvador El Salvador (Republic of) Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 267)

Honduras
Honduras Honduras (Republic of) Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 267)

Japan
Japan Japan (country) Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 267)

Malaysia
Malaysia Malaysia (country of) Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 267)

Mexico
Mexico Mexico (United Mexican States) introduced
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)

New Zealand
New Zealand New Zealand (country) introduced
invasive
Edgar, E./Connor, H. (2000) (p. 567)
"Damp soil at lake edges, sand flats, swampy roadsides, waste ground, also a weed of lawns and cultivated ground - often in fresh, not brackish water".

Taiwan
Taiwan Taiwan Island Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 267)

Indian Ocean

Country/Terr./St. &
Island group Location Cited status &
Cited as invasive &
Cited as cultivated &
Cited as aboriginal introduction? Reference &
Comments

Mascarene Islands
Mascarene Islands (Mauritius, La Reunion, Rodrigues) Mascarene Islands introduced
Weber, Ewald (2003) (p. 305)

Mauritius
Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues) Mauritius Island Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 267)

Control:

Physical: "Cutting close to the ground reduces stolon and rhizome growth but does not kill the plant".

Chemical: "An effective herbicide is glyphosate" (Weber, 2003; p. 305).

Additional information: Information from the Fire Effects Information System.

Additional online information about Paspalum distichum is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Paspalum distichum may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Clayton, W.D./Harman, K.T./Williamson, H. 2002. World Grass Species: Descriptions, Identification, and Information Retrieval. The Board of Trustees, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Edgar, E./Connor, H. 2000. Flora of New Zealand, vol. V: Gramineae. Manaaki Whenua Press. .

Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesica 20:1-126.

Herbst, Derral R./Wagner, Warren L. 1999. Contributions to the flora of Hawai‘i. VII. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1998. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 58:12-36.

Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp.

Li-ying, Li/Ren, Wang/Waterhouse, D. F. 1997. The distribution and importance of arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture and forestry plantations in southern China. ACIAR, Canberra, Australia. 185 pp.

Orchard, Anthony E., ed. 1994. Flora of Australia. Vol. 49, Oceanic islands 1. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Smith, Albert C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 1. 494 pp.

Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.

U. S. Government. 2006. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) (on-line resource).

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2007. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Weber, Ewald. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 548 pp.

Need more info? Have questions? Comments? Information to contribute? Contact PIER! (pier@hear.org)

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This page was created on 12 FEB 2007 and was last updated on 9 APR 2007.

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 12) Voucher cited: J. Pickard 2716 (NSW)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Param Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Kapingamarangi Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Mokil Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Nukuoro Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pingelap Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 336) Vouchers cited: C. R. Turbet 4, DA 2970
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 336) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 941
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 336) Voucher cited: DA 16688
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 336) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 227, DA 11706, DA 10125, DA 2346, DA 3965, DA 7759, DA 10061, DA L.11451, DA L.16688
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	native	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 104)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 104)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	native	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 104)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 104)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	native	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 104)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	native	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 104)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 217)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Herbst, Derral R./Wagner, Warren L. (1999) (p. 28) Voucher cited: Herbst 5954 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Herbst, Derral R./Wagner, Warren L. (1999) (p. 28) Vouchers cited: Dillingham s.n. (BISH 120043), Dillingham s.n. (BISH 120044)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Marakei Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Nikunau Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ailinglaplap (Ailinglapalap) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Ailuk (Aelok) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 267)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 54)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Chile (continental) Chile	Chile (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 267)
China China	China (People's Republic of)		Li-ying, Li/Ren, Wang/Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 174)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 267)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 267)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 267)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 267)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 267)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 267)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Edgar, E./Connor, H. (2000) (p. 567) "Damp soil at lake edges, sand flats, swampy roadsides, waste ground, also a weed of lawns and cultivated ground - often in fresh, not brackish water".
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 267)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Mascarene Islands Mascarene Islands (Mauritius, La Reunion, Rodrigues)	Mascarene Islands	introduced	Weber, Ewald (2003) (p. 305)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 267)