Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius, Poaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 28 (Go to the risk assessment)

Common name(s): [more details]

Cebuano: sacate

Chamorro: lagasa

Chinese: liang er cao

Chuukese: fatil, fätilimwän, fatin yung, fetil, fetin umund, fetin umuno, fetin wumwune

English: buffalo grass, carabao grass, Hilo grass, sour grass, sour paspalum, T grass, ti grass, yellow grass

Filipino: kauad-kauaran

French: herbe créole, herbe de tauère, herbe sure

Hawaiian: mau‘u Hilo

Kosraean: meshashe, muhsrasre

Kwara‘ae: karasi

Mangarevan: kirimiro

Manobo: bantotan

Maori (Cook Islands): mauku kātini, mauku taravao

Marshallese: ujoij

Niuean: mosie vailima, mosie vaolima, motie vailima, vailima

Nukuoro: heri

Palauan: udel ra ngebel

Pohnpeian: fahtil-rawfut, reh-n-wai, rehnwahi, ren wai

Rotuman: mous sau rangi

Samoan: vailima, vailima, vailima, vailima matafao, vailima matafao, vao lima, vao lima

Spanish: cambute, cañamazo amargo, caraconga, grama, grama de antena, horquetilla, pasta horqueta, pasto amargo, pasto de burro, pata de conejo, torourco, trensilla

Tagalog: kulape

Tokelauan: vaolima

Tongan: vailima

Ulithian: fathil

Yapese: ataralow, ataraow, fugur parap

Habit:  grass

Description:  Grass, "Stoloniferous perennial, culms to 60 (-100) cm long (rarely more), decumbent or suberect, rooting at nodes, glabrous, compressed, often reddish-purple, emitting long leafy stolons pilose on the nodes; sheaths 2-6  cm long, compressed, pilose on the collar; ligule membranous, less than 1.1 mm long; blades 8-12 (-14) cm long, 5-15 mm wide, ciliate-scabrous on margins, glabrous or nearly so; racemes usually 2, paired, widely spreading, 4-15 cm long (usually 6-10 cm); rachis 1 mm wide, glabrous; spikelets 1.5 mm long (rarely 2 mm), ovate, pale stramineous; glume silky-ciliate, sterile lemma usually similar; fertile lemma coriaceous, much firmer than the glume and sterile lemma; caryopsis 1 mm long, equally wide, compressed, white or very pale" (Stone, 1970; p. 216).

Description from GrassBase.

Habitat/ecology:  This perennial, stoloniferous grass rapidly invades wet habitats from sea level to 2,000 m. It forms a dense ground cover even on acidic, low-nutrient soils. Neal (1965) noted that "some native forests have become extinct due to this pest."  It is found in wet habitats (Smith, 1985; p. 196).

In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in moist to wet, disturbed sites such as along roadsides and in open fields, 10-950 m"  (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1575, 1576).  In Fiji, "common at elevations up to 1,300 m., along roadsides and in cultivation, in pastures, villages, plantations, and along beaches and river banks"  (Smith, 1979; p. 336). In Papua New Guinea, "a common grass of roadsides, rough lawns, pastures (where it is moderately useful) and particularly a weed of plantations; it grows vigorously under partial shade and may compete seriously with tree crops" (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p. 43). In New Caledonia, "maintenant très commune à l'état spontané, surtout en lieux frais et ombragés" (MacKee, 1994; p. 60).

Propagation:  The small seeds are probably distributed by man and animals on clothing and fur. Also spreads by stolons.

Native range:  Tropical America but now found throughout the tropics as a weed.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 40)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 163)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9489
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 24) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9489 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 126196) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 163)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 47)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 163)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: Harris 95, Harris 354, Yuncker 9233, Whistler 3306
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 24) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9233 (BISH), W. Harris 95 (BISH), W. Harris 354 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 126195) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 126211) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1990) (voucher ID: PTBG 9081) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island		Whistler, W. A. (1983) (p. 18) Vouchers cited: Whistler 3381, Bryan 947
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 430385) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Aunu‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 163)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 37)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 163)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Setchell, William Albert (1924) (p. 113)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1925) (voucher ID: BISH 126198) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 126199) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1992) (voucher ID: PTBG 16357) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 13) Voucher cited: Fosberg 31394 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Aguijan (Agiguan, Aguihan) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (pp. 13-14) Voucher cited: Falanruw 1922 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 14) Voucher cited: Falanruw 1987 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 126341) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1973) (voucher ID: BISH 441717) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1933) (voucher ID: BISH 126331) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 635625) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 14) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1719 (US), Evans 2335 (US, BISH, Fo, NY)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 401434) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 126337) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Rakahanga Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 76)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 82)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 88)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1928) (voucher ID: BISH 126110) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 93)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1979) (voucher ID: BISH 618339) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Palmerston (Avarau) Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 89)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 69)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 126125) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Española Group	Española Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Isabela Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Alcedo, Isabela Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Sierra Negra, Isabela Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Pinta Group	Pinta Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santiago Group	Santiago Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Chuuk Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1935) (voucher ID: BISH 126282) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Chuuk Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 126283) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Chuuk Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1948) (voucher ID: BISH 571501) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fano Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 633361) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 126288) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 126289) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Nama Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll		Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. (1975) (p. 27) Vouchers cited: Marshall 21 (US), Marshall 72 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namonuito (Namonweito, Nómwun Wiité) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namonuito (Namonweito, Nómwun Wiité) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 588959) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Nomwin (Nómwiin) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Pis Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Pis Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 697526) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	introduced invasive	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 36) Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 168 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 126290) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 126291) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Udot Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Udot Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 588962) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1935) (voucher ID: BISH 126281) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 126293) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 126300) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 126339) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 588960) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Yanagi Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 633390) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Yanagi Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 633391) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 90)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 10) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 126286) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 126294) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 426325) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 697524) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1996) (voucher ID: PTBG 24899) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum Berg.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Ant Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Ant Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 126284) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Nukuoro Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Nukuoro Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 126295) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 90)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 132) Vouchers cited: Glassman 2579a (US), Takamatsu 1010 (BISH)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 59) Vouchers cited: F.R. Fosberg 26232 (BISH), F.R. Fosberg 26371 (BISH), R. Gallen 97 (NY, PTBG), S.F. Glassman 2808 (BISH), L. Stemmermann 3442 (BISH), M. Takamatsu 1010 (BISH), C. Trauernicht 133 (NY), C.Y.C. Wong 56 (BISH) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 126285) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 126292) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 126299) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 432329) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 697528) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 41201) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2005) (voucher ID: PTBG 48648) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. (1969) (p. 3) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 46657 (US), Fosberg 46665 (US), Evans 347 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 81555) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Lamotrek Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Lamotrek Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 426237) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1969) (p. 4) Voucher cited: Fosberg 46848 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 82139) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Tomil Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 700021) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 126296) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 588627) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 697523) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 90)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1948) (voucher ID: BISH 126280) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 586789) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Fiji Fiji Islands	Fiji Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1928) (voucher ID: BISH 126250) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kambara Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 336-337)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 336-337) Voucher cited: DA 9070
Fiji Fiji Islands	Koro Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 336-337)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 336-337) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 779
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 420123) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Fiji Fiji Islands	Mango Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 336-337)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Matuku Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 336-337)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Mbatiki Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 336-337)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Moala Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 336-337)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Moturiki Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 336-337)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Nairai Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 336-337)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Naitamba Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 336-337)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Nayau Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 336-337)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ngau Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 336-337)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 336-337) Voucher cited: DA 1359
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 619074) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 336-337) Voucher cited: Smith 8120
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 126249) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Fiji Fiji Islands	Totoya Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 336-337) Voucher cited: DA 13247
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 336-337) Vouchers cited: DA 8747, DA 8845
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 336-337) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 1142
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 336-337) Vouchers cited: DA 8169, Smith 4852, DA 7103, DA 7998, DA 9027, Smith 9451, DA 8655, DA 13978, Smith 9074, DA 7320, DA 8396, DA 8699, DA 7761, Smith 7082, DA 1240, C.R. Turbet 46
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1954) (voucher ID: BISH 31728) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1955) (voucher ID: BISH 31729) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 126244) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 126245) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 126246) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 126247) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 126248) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
French Polynesia French Polynesia Islands	Tapahi? Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 341) Voucher cited: BRY 26014
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 8) Voucher cited: St. John 14567 (BISH)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 7410 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1986) (voucher ID: BISH 545508) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 1000694) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 4164 (PAP), J. Florence 4180 (PAP), B. Toutain 4235 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 558044) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 558060) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2004) (voucher ID: PTBG 42488) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: S.P. Perlman, K.R. Wood & J.-Y. Meyer 15870 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 4443 (PAP), S.P. Perlman & E. Vogt 15887 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 556158) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 341) Voucher cited: Fosberg 61191
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: F.R. Fosberg 61191 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 14) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 64759 (US), Morris 30 (US), Morris 31 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 614445) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 614954) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 341) Voucher cited: Fosberg 61024
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 2081 (PAP), J. Florence 5002 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1981) (voucher ID: BISH 492117) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 574232) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 341) Voucher cited: Moore 11
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 3689 (PAP), P. Morat 6934 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491359) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 104)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 341) Voucher cited: Setchell & Parks 84
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1913) (voucher ID: BISH 699855) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 5607 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 553007) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 6274 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 5954 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 545590) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 216) Voucher cited: Stone 4444 (GUAM), Stone 4445 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 95)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1918) (voucher ID: BISH 126332) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 126333) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1954) (voucher ID: BISH 126335) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 649505) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 1000139) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1575-1576) Voucher cited: Mann & Brigham 626 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1575-1576)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1575-1576)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1575-1576)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1575-1576)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1575-1576)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced invasive	Toyoda, Takeshi (2003) (p. 293) Naturalized
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 6) Voucher cited: Fosberg 39462 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 38875) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2006) (p. 4) "Common; in grassy fields and ruderal areas, encroaching some into wetland areas".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Anderson, Donald (1951) (p. v) Voucher cited: Anderson 3766
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 3) "Abundant; major component of lawns and ruderal areas".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 126350) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 52)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 606401) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Mili (Mile) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2010) (p. A7) Locally occasional in fields and ruderal areas of Mili, Tokewa. Voucher 0726201001 (BISH, GUAM, PTBG)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive cultivated	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 381) Très commune, surtout en lieux frais et ombragés.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 60) Voucher cited: Sarlin 22 s.loc.
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1977) (p. 173)
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Edgar, E./Connor, H. (2000) (p. 565) "Old grassy tracks in semi-shade".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 248) Vouchers cited: CHR 168800, CHR 168801
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 54)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 7)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 55)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 22) Voucher cited: Yuncker 10077 (BISH) "A common weed in plantations, along roadsides and in waste areas".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 45)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 95)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 625659) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 88)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 126298) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 86)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 20)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 697525) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1981) (voucher ID: BNM 3026) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum Berg.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 8) Voucher: Lorence 9827 (PTBG, BNM)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 121) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Bergius
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 81)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1997) (voucher ID: BISH 659937) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 81)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 81)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Urukthapel Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Urukthapel Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngeanges Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngeanges Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngeanges Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 126297) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Palau Rock Islands	Ngerchong Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngerchong Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngerchong Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1978) (voucher ID: BNM 1073) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum Berg.
Palau Rock Islands	Ulong Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 53-54)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 94)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 588961) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago		Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 48)
Papua New Guinea Bougainville Islands	Bougainville Island		Foreman, D. B. (1971) (p. 25)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Henty, E. E. (1969) (p. 145) Throughout New Guinea, from low altitudes to over 6000 ft.
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	introduced invasive	Henty, E. E./Pritchard, G. H. (1975) (p. 43) From sea level to over 2000 m.
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 64)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 134-137)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced invasive	Merrill, Elmer D. (1925) (p. 56) In the settled areas, about towns, along trails, streams, etc., often very abundant.
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 104) "Secondary scrub".
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced	St. John, H. (1987) (p. 23) Voucher cited: J.P. Chapin 939
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Paulay, Gustav/Spencer, T./Oliver, Royce (1989) (p. 12) Voucher cited: Paulay, Spencer & Schuster 676 (US)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10782 (PAP) Adventice
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 641260) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 70)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1931) (voucher ID: BISH 126201) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 126205) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1931) (voucher ID: BISH 126206) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1931) (voucher ID: BISH 126207) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 126208) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 67) Voucher: Flynn 6928 (PTBG, K, SAMOA)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 28987) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 126200) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 126202) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 126203) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 126204) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1904) (voucher ID: BISH 126209) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1904) (voucher ID: BISH 126210) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1974) (voucher ID: BISH 418025) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1974) (voucher ID: BISH 418151) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 318) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Burcham, L. T. (1948) (p. 407) Voucher cited: Burcham 72 (US)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 402177) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	New Georgia Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 416649) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Ontong Java Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1970) (voucher ID: BISH 602010) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 95)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced invasive	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 97)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Vanikolo (Vanikoro) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1955) (voucher ID: BISH 126266) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Tokelau Tokelau Islands	Tokelau Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 95)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Kao Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 639347) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 645863) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 100) Voucher cited: Soakai 351
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 100) Vouchers cited: Lawrence 30, Soakai 281, Soakai 733
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 58) Vouchers cited: Hürlimann 302, Yuncker 15154
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 126197) Taxon name on voucher: Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 58) Voucher cited: Hürlimann 633
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 100) Vouchers cited: Soakai 889, Whistler 6041
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Tuvalu Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 95)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 106)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Shine, C./Reaser, J. K./Gutierrez, A. T., eds. (2003) (p. 180)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (p. 27)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 54)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 107) Wetland.

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 136-137)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 134-137)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 134-137)
China China	Hong Kong	introduced invasive cultivated	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 342) On farmlands and in other wet places.
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 136-137)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 267)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 134-137)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 134-137)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 95)
Negara Brunei Darussalam Brunei	Brunei (Negara Brunei Darussalam)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 67, 78)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 136-137)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 67, 78)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 67) Naturalised
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 134-137)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 134-137)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 67, 78)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 122)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 136-137)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 58) Voucher cited: Robertson 2671
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)

Comments:  An aggressive and persistent species.

Control: 

Physical: "Cannot be controlled by mulches due to strong stoloniferous growth.  Slashing encourages the plant.  Fairly palatable to most stock, especially when young.  Checked by cultivation at any stage, and controlled by repeated cultivation in dry soils.  Tolerates light shade" (Swarbrick, 1997; p. 28). "Can be displaced in pastures by taller forage grasses and controlled grazing"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Chemical:  "Susceptible to:  1) residual herbicides including naproamide, oxyflurofen, diuron, chlorthal, EPTC, atrazine, pendimethalin, propachlor, bromacil, metolachlor, trifluralin, benfluralin, ametryn, cyanazine and vernolate at standard rates; 2) translocated herbicides, including fluozifop, glyphosate, sethoxydim, DSMA, haloxyfop, and amitrole at standard rates;  3) contact herbicides, including paraquat, as seedlings and at standard rates" (Swarbrick, 1997; p. 28).  "Sensitive to glyphosate and imazapyr, both non-selective herbicides, the latter with some residual soil activity" (Motooka et al., 2003).

Biological: Waterhouse (1994; pp. 178-182) lists natural enemies but at present there are no satisfactory biological control agents.

Additional information:
Excerpt from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).


Additional online information about Paspalum conjugatum is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Paspalum conjugatum as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Paspalum conjugatum may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Anderson, Donald. 1951. The plants of Arno Atoll, Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 7. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 4 pp. + 7 pp. appendix.

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1978. Voucher specimen #BNM1073(Canfield, J.E. 555).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1981. Voucher specimen #BNM3026(Timberlake, J. 3026).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 0. Voucher specimen #BISH 126333 (Thompson, J.B. 294).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1904. Voucher specimen #BISH 126209 (Vaupel, F. 7).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1904. Voucher specimen #BISH 126210 (Vaupel, F. 7).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1913. Voucher specimen #BISH 699855 (Tilden, J.E. 1106).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1918. Voucher specimen #BISH 126332 (Nelson, P. 210).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 126199 (Eames, A.J. T 25).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 126200 (Eames, A.J. 68).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 126208 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 110).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1925. Voucher specimen #BISH 126198 (Garber, D.W. 964).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1928. Voucher specimen #BISH 126110 (Graham, J. 2).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1928. Voucher specimen #BISH 126250 (Gillsespie, J.W. 3416).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 126125 (Wilder, G.P. 1046).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 126202 (Christophersen, E. 552).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 126203 (Christophersen, E. 168).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 126204 (Christophersen, E. 10).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 126205 (Christophersen, E. 596).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1931. Voucher specimen #BISH 126201 (Christophersen, E. 3020).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1931. Voucher specimen #BISH 126206 (Christophersen, E. 2281).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1931. Voucher specimen #BISH 126207 (Christophersen, E. 1892).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1933. Voucher specimen #BISH 126331 (Hosokawa, T. 6674).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1935. Voucher specimen #BISH 126281 (Takamatsu, M. 240a).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1935. Voucher specimen #BISH 126282 (Takamatsu, M.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 126285 (Takamatsu, M. 1010).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 126286 (Takamatsu, M. 394a).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 126211 (Harris, W. 212).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 619074 (St.John, H. 18976).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 126195 (Yuncker, T.G. 9233).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 126196 (Yuncker, T.G. 9489).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 126292 (Wong, C.Y.C. 56).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 126293 (Fosberg, F.R. 24411).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 126294 (Fosberg, F.R. 26577).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 126295 (Fosberg, F.R. 26232).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 126296 (Fosberg, F.R. 25501).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 126297 (Fosberg, F.R. 25809).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 126298 (Fosberg, F.R. 25959).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 126299 (Hosaka, E.Y. 3529).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 126300 (Hosaka, E.Y. 2709).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 126337 (Fosberg, F.R. 24880).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 126341 (Fosberg, F.R. 25157).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 635625 (Hosaka, E.Y. 3002).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 697523 (Clarence Y.C. Wong 2).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 697524 (Clarence Y. C. Wong 71).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 697525 (Fosberg, F.R. 25753).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 697526 (Fosberg, F.R. 24640).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 697528 (Fosberg, F.R. 26371).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 700021 (Hosaka, E.Y. 3247).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 126244 (Smith, A.C. 4852).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 126283 (Wong, C.C.Y. 144).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 402177 (Giffen 2).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1948. Voucher specimen #BISH 126280 (Wong, C.C.Y. 321).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1948. Voucher specimen #BISH 571501 (Wong, C.C.Y. 144).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 126284 (Glassman, S.F. 2808).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 126291 (Anderson, D. 1069).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 126339 (Anderson, D. 810).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 126288 (Anderson, D. 2116).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 126289 (Anderson, D. 2130).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 126290 (Anderson, D. 1082).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 126350 (Anderson, D. 3766).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 126197 (Yuncker, T.G. 15154).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 126245 (Smith, A.C. 9451).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 126246 (Smith, A.C. 9650).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 126247 (Smith, A.C. 9074).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 126248 (Smith, A.C. 7082).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 126249 (Smith, A.C. 8120).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1954. Voucher specimen #BISH 31728 (Parham, J.W. 7320).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1954. Voucher specimen #BISH 126335 (Fosberg, F.R. 35487).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1955. Voucher specimen #BISH 31729 (Parham, J.W. 9609).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1955. Voucher specimen #BISH 126266 (Hadley, C.J. 62).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 38875 (Fosberg, F.R. 39462).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 426325 (Rainey, S. 30).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 81555 (Evans, M. 347).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 82139 (Fosberg, F.R. 46893).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 426237 (Fosberg, F.R. 46743).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 588627 (Fosberg, F.R. 46609).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 588959 (Evans, M. 940).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 588960 (Evans, M. 761).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1966. Voucher specimen #BISH 401434 (Evans, M. 2335).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 28987 (Bristol, M.L. 2463).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 588961 (Berry, P.T. 73).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1970. Voucher specimen #BISH 602010 (Bayliss-Smith, T.P. 13).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1973. Voucher specimen #BISH 441717 (Sachet, M.-H. 1752).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1974. Voucher specimen #BISH 418025 (Whistler, W.A. W2058).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1974. Voucher specimen #BISH 418151 (Whistler, W.A. W1495).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 416649 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1424).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 430385 (Whistler, W.A. W3381).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 420123 (Garnock-Jones, P.J. 306474).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 432329 (Stemmermann, R.L. 3442).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1979. Voucher specimen #BISH 618339 (N.Krauss 1637).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 586789 (Fosberg, F.R. 59992).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 588962 (Fosberg, F.R. 60233).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1981. Voucher specimen #BISH 492117 (Florence, J. 2081).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 491359 (Florence, J. 3689).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 556158 (Florence, J. 4443).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 558044 (Florence, J. 4180).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 558060 (Florence, J. 4164).

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