Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P.Beauv., Poaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Oplismenus setarius (Lam.) Roem. & Schult.

Common name(s): [more details]

English: basket grass, bristle basket grass, grass from Tonga, woods grass

Hawaiian: honohono, honohono kukui, honohono maoli

Spanish: cañamazo de monte

Habit:  grass

Description:  "Perennials; culms decumbent, but flowering culms ascending, 2-4 dm long, glabrous or scabrous to short-pilose, nodes usually densely short-pilose.  Sheaths glabrous or appressed pubescent, villous on margins, the surface sometimes hirsute, collar villouos; ligule membranous, 0.6-0.8 mm long, truncate, margins with setae, 1-2 mm long; blades thin, lanceolate, usually somewhat asymmetrical at base, 5-10 cm long, 8-17 mm wide, upper surface very sparsely hispid, lower surface hispid or glabrous, apex acuminate.  Racemes ascending to appressed, 7-15 cm long, the lowest raceme 2-4 cm long, rachis scabrous or hispidulous in upper part, sometimes hispid on upper angles; adjacent spikelet pairs of lower racemes 0.5-4 mm apart; glumes ovate, 5-7-nerved, sparsely pilose, apex acute, first glume with an awn 5-10 mm long, second glume similar to first glume, but with an awn 1-2 mm long; first lemma similar to second glume, 3-4 mm long, short-awned; first palea, if present, hyaline, 3-3.5 mm long; second lemma white, ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous, 2.5-3 mm long, glabrous, glossy, margins enclosing palea, apex acute; second palea white, ovate, coriaceous, 2-2.5 mm long, glabrous, glossy, apex acute, margins inrolled.  Cayopsis ca. 2.5 mm long" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1565).

Description from World Grass Species.

Habitat/ecology:  "In shady habitats, usually at low elevations" (Wiggins & Porter, 1971; pp. 860-862). In Hawai‘i, "naturalized and common in lightly shaded to densely shaded mesic valleys and mesic forest, sometimes in disturbed wet forest, 10-920 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1565); "displaces natives on forest floors and trailsides"  (Motooka et al., 2003).  In Fiji, "moderately common..., occurring from sea level to about 600 m on hillsides and the edges of forest; it is usually found in damp, shady places" (Smith, 1979; pp. 343-344).  "Occasional in sunny places and sometimes in native coastal forest" (Whistler, 1988; p. 54).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  Pantropical. Fosberg et al. (1987; pp. 50-51) list as native in Micronesia.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9501a, Whistler 3454
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: Whistler 1402, Whistler 3565
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 22) "A grass of the forest floor, where it is common and mat-forming". Vouchers cited: A.N. Rodd 1756 (K, NSW), J. Pickard in A.N. Rodd 1443 (K, NSW), C. Moore 37 (K, MEL)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 12) "A grass of the forest floor, where it is common and mat-forming". Vouchers cited: W.R. Sykes NI 51 (CHR), W.R. Sykes NI 52 (CHR), W.R. Sykes NI 53 (CHR); M. Lazarides 8094 (CANB, K); 1804-1805, F.L. Bauer (K, W)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Raulerson 1094 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Asuncion Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Asuncion Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Falanruw 3057 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50) Varieties hirtellus and imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosb. & Sachet
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Voucher cited: Herbst & Falanruw 6751 (US); var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Evans 2209 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50) Varieties hirtellus and microphyllus (Honda) Fosb. & Sachet
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	native	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 65) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-58912
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Var. microphyllus (Honda) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Falanruw 1789 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Hosaka 2860 (US, BISH), POM, K)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Fernandina Group	Fernandina Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcan Alcedo	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcan Sierra Negra	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santiago Group	Santiago Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Nukuoro Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Nukuoro Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Niering 740 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 132) var. imbecilis (R. Br.) Fosb. & Sachet, voucher cited: Glassman 2843 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Vouchers cited: Ledermann 13808 (B), Hosokawa 5577 US); var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; vouchers cited: Ledermann 13607 (B), Glassman 2843 (US), Hatusima 11128 (FU); var. microphyllus (Honda) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Nakao in 1941 (KYO)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Fosberg 60112 (US, BISH, POM, Mo, CANB, L, K, TI); var. microphyllus (Honda) Fosberg & Sachet; vouchers cited: Kanehira & Hatusima 4336 (FU), Hosokawa 8990 (US)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Fulanga Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kambara Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kanathea Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Koro Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Mango Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Matuku Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Mbatiki Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Moala Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Nairai Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ngau Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Totoya Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344) Voucher cited: DA 13245
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vatulele Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344) Vouchers cited: DA 12630 (Melville et al. 7001), DA 8004, DA 8005, DA 16765
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 14) var. imbecilis (R. Br.) Fosb. & Sachet; vouchers cited: Fosberg 64778 (US), Fosberg 64801 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 103) var. imbecilis (R. Br.) Fosb. & Sachet
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 103) Also var. imbecilis (R. Br.) Fosb. & Sachet
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 214)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50) Varieties hirtellus, imbecillis and microphyllus.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Voucher cited: G. C. Moore 201 (US); var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; vouchers cited: Anderson 316 (US, BISH, POM), Stone 3965 (US, GUAM), Fosberg 35299 (US, BISH, POM, BRI, P), Stone 4522 (GUAM); var. microphyllus (Honda) Fosberg & Sachet; vouchers cited: G. C. Moore 228 (US), Fosberg 35374 (US, BISH, MO, L, BRI)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1565)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1565)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1565)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1565)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1565)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1565)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll	probably native	Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 22)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	probably native	Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 22)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 72) Voucher cited: Thaman & Manner 22322 (SUVA) Rare
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R./West, C. J. (1996) (p. 457)
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	native	Edgar, E./Connor, H. (2000) (pp. 553-556) "Shaded slopes and coastal forest".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 247) Voucher cited: CHR 168736
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 54)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 55) Voucher cited: Whistler 10873
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; vouchers cited: Canfield 263 (US), Hosaka 6877 (US), Fosberg 32411 (US, BISH, POM, MO, BRI)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Kanehira & Hatusima 4450 (FU)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Evans 604 (US, BISH, K, MO)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Hardy 107 (US, BISH)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced	St. John, H. (1987) (p. 23) Voucher cited: Fosberg & B. Christian 11239
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 54)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 100) Voucher cited: Sykes 812
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 100) Vouchers cited: Soakai 688, Soakai 736
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 352)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 100) Voucher cited: Soakai 890
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 54)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 72)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	native	Edgar, E./Connor, H. (2000) (pp. 553-556) "Shaded slopes and coastal forest".
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)

Comments:  Includes var. imbecillis (R. Br.) R. & S. and ssp. microphyllus (Honda) Ohwi (see Fosberg et al., 1987; pp. 50-51).

Control: 

Chemical: "Probably susceptible to Glyphosate"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Additional information:  Information from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).

Additional online information about Oplismenus hirtellus is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Oplismenus hirtellus may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

Edgar, E./Connor, H. 2000. Flora of New Zealand, vol. V: Gramineae. Manaaki Whenua Press. .

Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1982. Micronesian Poaceae: Critical and distributional notes. Micronesica 18(2):45-102.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1987. Flora of Maupiti, Society Islands. The Smithsonian Institution. Atoll Research Bulletin 294:1-70.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesica 20:1-126.

Fosberg, F. Raymond. 1990. A review of the natural history of the Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 330. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 100 pp.

Glassman, S. F. 1952. The flora of Ponape. Bishop Mus. Bull. 209: 1-152.

Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar. 1980. Grass weeds, vol. 1. CIBA-GEIGY Ltd., Basle, Switzerland. 142 pp. + plates.

McCormack, Gerald. 2007. Cook Islands biodiversity and natural heritage. On-line database.

Motooka, Philip/Castro, Luisa/Nelson, Duane/ Nagai, Guy/Ching, Lincoln. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa. 184 pp.

Ohba, T. 1994. Flora and vegetation of the northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia. Biological Expedition to the Northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia. In A. Asakua & T. Furuki, eds.  Natural History Research, Special issue no. 1, Chiba, Japan: Natural History Museum and Institute. pp. 13-69.

Orchard, Anthony E., ed. 1994. Flora of Australia. Vol. 49, Oceanic islands 1. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Smith, Albert C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 1. 494 pp.

St. John, H. 1987. An account of the flora of Pitcairn Island with new Pandanus species. Honolulu, 65 pp.

Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.

Swarbrick, John T. 1997. Weeds of the Pacific Islands. Technical paper no. 209. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 124 pp.

Sykes, W. R. 1970. Contributions to the flora of Niue. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 200, Wellington. 321 pp.

Sykes, W. R. 1981. The vegetation of Late, Tonga. Allertonia 2(6):323-353.

Sykes, W. R./West, C. J. 1996. New records and other information on the vascular flora of the Kermadec Islands. New Zealand Journal of Botany 34:447-462.

Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. 1994. The flora of Nauru. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Research Bulletin 392:1-223.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2007. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Whistler, W. A. 1988. Checklist of the weed flora of western Polynesia. Technical Paper No. 194, South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 69 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1990. The weeds of Manu‘a [unpublished checklist]. 18 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flora of Tonga [unpublished checklist]. 107 pp.

Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. 1997. Botanical survey of the Huvalu Forest Conservation Area, Niue. Unpublished technical report. 76 pp.

Wiggins, I. L./Porter, D. M. 1971. Flora of the Galapágos Islands. Stanford University Press. 998 pp.