Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv., Poaceae

Click on an image for links to BIGGER PICTURES

Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Panicum compositum L.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: zhu ye cao

Chuukese: fatil

English: armgrass, basket grass, running mountaingrass

Mangarevan: poriluaini, poritanine

Samoan: falī, falī, vao falī, vao falī

Tahitian: nanamu, ‘ofe‘ofe hu‘

Tongan: mohuku ‘apopoa, mohuku laukofe, musie vai

Habit:  grass

Description:  "Creeping accumbent perennial; culms slender, elongate; sheaths ciliate; nodes usually pubescent; ligule short, fringed with short hairs; blades narrowly elliptic, acuminate, 3-16 cm long, 6-25 mm wide, usually thinly pubescent; panicles 10-30 cm long, erect or suberect, of about 10 rather well-spaced racemes, these ascending or spreading and up to 10 cm long, usually shorter; spikelets lanceolate, green or purplish, sparsely puberulent; lower glume with awn to 16 mm long, upper glume with awn 2-3 mm long; lower lemma mucronate"  (Stone, 1970; p. 214).

Description from GrassBase.

Habitat/ecology:  In Hawai‘i, "naturalized and usually common in shaded sites in mesic valleys and mesic forest, 245-500 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1563, 1565). In Guam, "usually in forests or woods, often among rocks in somewhat dry but shaded localities" (Stone, 1970; p. 214). In Fiji, "fairly common from sea level to about 900 m on open hillsides, river banks, beaches, and on plantations; it also occurs along forest trails and in wet, open places, sometimes forming dense tangles in crest clearings" (Smith, 1979; p. 343).  In Tonga, "a frequent weed in plantations and waste areas"  (Yuncker, 1959; p. 61).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  "Tropical regions of the old and new worlds." (Smith, 1979; p. 343). Native or an early introduction to many Pacific islands. Considered an early introduction to Fiji (Smith, 1979; p. 343) and Niue (Sykes, 1970; p. 257). Fosberg et al. (1987; p. 50) list it as native to Micronesia.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island	introduced abo. intro.	Ragone, Diane/Lorence, David H. (2003) (p. 52)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 35363) Taxon name on voucher: Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island	introduced abo. intro.	Ragone, Diane/Lorence, David H. (2003) (p. 52)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 37110) Taxon name on voucher: Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1990) (p. 16) Vouchers cited: Harris 31, Whistler 3224
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 24) Voucher cited: W. Harris 31 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 40515) Taxon name on voucher: Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1990) (voucher ID: PTBG 9085) Taxon name on voucher: Oplismenus compositus
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Anon. (1988) (p. 2)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1993) (voucher ID: PTBG 27456) Taxon name on voucher: Oplismenus compositus
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1992) (voucher ID: PTBG 44165) Taxon name on voucher: Oplismenus compositus
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	native	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 65) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-59074
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Voucher cited: Fosberg 31605 (US, BISH, BRI, MO, POM)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 13) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1936 (US), Fosberg 31735 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 13) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1964 (US), Falanruw 1615 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1964 (US, BISH), Raulerson 1121 (US, GUAM)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Asuncion Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Asuncion Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Voucher cited: Falanruw 2313 (US, GUAM)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Guguan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Guguan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Voucher cited: Falanruw 3123 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	native	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 65) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-58970
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Vouchers cited: Necker R-73 (US), Fosberg 31874 (US), Raulerson 1486 (US, GUAM), Evans 2201 (US, BISH, K, P)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1982) (voucher ID: PTBG 27461) Taxon name on voucher: Oplismenus compositus
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Voucher cited: Kanehira & Hatusima 4311 (FU)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50) var. patens
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Var. patens (Honda) Ohwi; voucher cited: Evans 2390 (US, BISH, POM, NY)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	native	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 10)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011) Naturalized
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011) Naturalized
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011) Naturalized
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011) Naturalized
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santiago Group	Santiago Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Vouchers cited: Anderson 2097 (US, BISH, POM, NY, L), Anderson 2194 (S, BISH, POM, NY)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Murilo (Mwiriné) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Var. patens (Honda) Ohwi; voucher cited: Evans 1175 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namonuito (Namonweito, Nómwun Wiité) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Nomwin (Nómwiin) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Pis Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Pis Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Voucher cited: Fosberg 24635 (US, BISH, CANB, L, NY)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	native	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 35) Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 166 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Udot Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Udot Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Voucher cited: Fosberg 60223 (US, BISH, POM, L, UC, KYO)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Vouchers cited: Hosaka 2705 (US, BISH, POM), Evans 777 (US, BISH, POM, BRI), Anderson 744 (US, BISH, MO, POM)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 26563 (US,BISH, POM, K, BRI), Glassman 2690 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2005) (p. 16) Common.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Mokil Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Mokil Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Voucher cited: Glassman 2605 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Nukuoro Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Nukuoro Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Voucher cited: Fosberg 26229 (US, BISH, POM, L)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50) also var. patens
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 131) Voucher cited: Glassman 2579 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 59) Vouchers cited: M.J. Balick 4111 (NY, PTBG), T.W. Flynn 6290 (K, MO, PTBG, US), F.R. Fosberg 26229 (BISH), F.R. Fosberg 58469 (BISH), S.F. Glassman 2579 (BISH), S.F. Glassman 2605 (BISH), S.F. Glassman 2843 (BISH), S.F. Glassman 58467 (BISH), E.Y. Hosaka 3509 (BISH), T. Hosokawa 5577 (BISH), W.A. Niering 740 (BISH), M. Takamatsu 1007 (BISH)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Vouchers cited: Ledermann 13653a (B), Nakao in 1941 (KYO), Glassman 2579 (US), Fosberg 58469 (US, BISH), Hosaka 3509 (US, BISH, MO, NSW, L)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 24403) Taxon name on voucher: Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Voucher cited: Fosberg 47224 (US, BISH, POM, CANB, BRI, L, P)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Voucher cited: Fosberg & Wong 25514 (US, BISH, POM, MO, P, BRI)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Vouchers cited: Wong 182 (US, POM), Wong 417 (US, POM), Cushing 406 (US, GUAM), Cushing 472 (US, GUAM)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 343)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 343)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Mbatiki Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 343)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Mbengga Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 343) Voucher cited: DA 9617
Fiji Fiji Islands	Moala Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 343)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Moturiki Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 343)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Nayau Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 343)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ngau Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 343) Vouchers cited: Smith 7795, Smith 7972
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vatulele Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 343)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 343) Vouchers cited: Smith 4287, DA 12678 (Melville et al. 7055, DA 1748, DA 7802, DA 7875, DA 2906, DA 7644, DA 1217, DA 1218, DA 1219, DA 7720, DA 9421, DA 9152
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Agakauitai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Agakauitai Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 8) Voucher cited: St. John 14924 (BISH)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Aukena Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Aukena Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 8) Voucher cited: St. John 14617 (BISH)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 8) Vouchers cited: Agassiz 89 (GH), Quayle & Curtis 416 (BISH)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Taravai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Taravai Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 8) Voucher cited: St. John 14817 (BISH)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: D.H. Lorence, W.L. Wagner, J. Florence, Y. Séchan & S. Bishop 6142 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1988) (voucher ID: PTBG 6320) Taxon name on voucher: Oplismenus compositus
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1929) (voucher ID: PTBG 45099) Taxon name on voucher: Oplismenus compositus
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 7292 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 7285 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 340) Voucher cited: Fosberg 64793
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	native invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 14) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 64793 (US), Fosberg 64823 (US), Raynal 17847
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 340) Voucher cited: Florence 5037
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 340) Vouchers cited: Moore 727, BRY 26663
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 340) Voucher cited: Grant 3684
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 2443 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence & W.R. Sykes 11217 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 340)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 214) Vouchers cited: Stone 3965 (GUAM), Stone 4443 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50) Varieties compositus and patens.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Voucher cited: G.E.S. 198 (US); var. patens (Honda) Ohwi; vouchers cited: Clemens in 1911 (US), Hosaka 3095 (US, BISH, POM, BRI), Fosberg 32632 (US, BISH, POM, MO, L)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1563, 1565)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1563, 1565) Voucher cited: Forbes 497.K (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank L. (2003) (p. 21) West Maui. Voucher cited: Oppenheimer H90107 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank (2008) (p. 33) East Maui. Voucher cited: Oppenheimer H120501 (BISH, PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1563, 1565)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1563, 1565)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	native	Toyoda, Takeshi (2003) (p. 269)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands		Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ebon (Epoon) Atoll	probably native	Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 22)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Voucher cited: Nakao in 1941 (KYO)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Voucher cited: Stone 1112 (POM)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 52)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Vouchers cited: Stone 1434 (GUAM), Fosberg 26980 (US, BISH, TI, POM, CANB, K)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1984) (voucher ID: PTBG 11915) Taxon name on voucher: Oplismenus compositus
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1977) (p. 172)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced abo. intro.	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 247) Vouchers cited: CHR 168768, CHR 168769
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 54)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 50)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 76-77) Voucher cited: Otobed PW-10169 (US)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1996) (voucher ID: BNM 26493) Taxon name on voucher: Oplismenus compositus (L.) Beauv.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1978) (voucher ID: BNM 10169) Taxon name on voucher: Oplismenus compositus
Palau Palau (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 8) Voucher: Lorence 9778 (PTBG, BNM, NY)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 70) Taxon name on voucher: Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv.
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago		Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 50)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Henty, E. E. (1969) (p. 132) Widespread in moist shady places, from sea level to 4000 ft.
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	Merrill, Elmer D. (1925) (p. 71) In thickets, old clearings, etc., at low and medium altitudes; often common.
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced	St. John, H. (1987) (p. 23)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands	introduced abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 54)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Sikaiana Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1971) (voucher ID: PTBG 38705) Taxon name on voucher: Oplismenus compositus
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 94)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced invasive	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 95)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘apai Islands	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 100) Voucher cited: Hotta 4868
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Kao Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 100) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15912
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Kao Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 61) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 15912, Yuncker 15876
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 100) Voucher cited: Hotta 4338
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 61) "Throughout Tonga"
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 100) Vouchers cited: Hotta 5405, Soakai 697, Sykes 267, Sykes 503, Sykes 522, Sykes 542, Sykes 719, Sykes 758, Whistler 6458, Whistler 6694, Whistler 7211
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 100) Vouchers cited: D'Urville?, Moseley (n.s.), Hurlimann 97, Lawrence 85, Soakai 625, Sykes 26, Sykes 905
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 61) Voucher cited: Hürlimann 97
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1989) (voucher ID: PTBG 3913) Taxon name on voucher: Oplismenus compositus
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 352)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 100) Vouchers cited: Hotta 4427, Buelow & Sykes 227, Buelow & Sykes 255
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 100) Voucher cited: Whistler 6188
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Tafahi Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 100) Voucher cited: Hurlimann 556
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Tafahi Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 61) Voucher cited: Hürlimann 556
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 100) Vouchers cited: Crosby 188, Yuncker 16046, Yuncker 16191, Hotta 4603
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 61) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 16046, Yuncker 16190
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Burkill, I. H. (1900) (p. 60)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 94)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands	introduced abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 54)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 341) In wet places of thin forests.
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 21)
Maldives Maldive Islands	Malè Atoll		Fosberg, F. R. (1957) (p. 12)

Additional information:
Additional online information about Oplismenus compositus is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Oplismenus compositus as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Oplismenus compositus may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Anon. 1988. Weed list for American Samoa by cropping system. Checklist dated 07/13/88, origin unknown. 3 pp.

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1978. Voucher specimen #BNM10169(Otobed, D.O. PW-10169).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1996. Voucher specimen #BNM26493(Falanruw, MVC LR26493).

Burkill, I. H. 1900. The flora of Vavau, one of the Tonga Islands, with a short account of its vegetation by Charles Steele Crosby. Lin. Jour. Bot. 35:20-65.

Charles Darwin Foundation. 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos. Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos, Ecuador.

Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. 2011. Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP). (online resource).

Fosberg, F. R. 1957. The Maldive Islands, Indian Ocean. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 58. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 37 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1975. Vascular flora of the northern Marianas Islands. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 22:1-45.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1982. Micronesian Poaceae: Critical and distributional notes. Micronesica 18(2):45-102.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1987. Flora of Maupiti, Society Islands. The Smithsonian Institution. Atoll Research Bulletin 294:1-70.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesica 20:1-126.

Fosberg, F. Raymond. 1990. A review of the natural history of the Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 330. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 100 pp.

Glassman, S. F. 1952. The flora of Ponape. Bishop Mus. Bull. 209: 1-152.

Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar. 1980. Grass weeds, vol. 1. CIBA-GEIGY Ltd., Basle, Switzerland. 142 pp. + plates.

Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.

Henty, E. E. 1969. A manual of the grasses of New Guinea. Department of Forests, Division of Botany, Botany Bull. No. 1. Lae, New Guinea. 215 pp.

Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. 2010. Checklist of the vascular plants of Pohnpei with local names and uses. Allertonia, in press. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 146 pp.

Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy. 2005. Botanical survey of the Yela River valley, Kosrae, F.S.M. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, Hawaii. 19 pp.

Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. 2008. Flora of the Marquesas Islands. National Tropical Botanical Garden and the Smithsonian Institution. Online database.

Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. 1989. An Annotated list of the vascular plants of Pulawat Atoll. Micronesica 22:23-63.

McCormack, Gerald. 2011. Cook Islands Biodiversity Database, Version 2007.2. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotonga.

Merrill, Elmer D. 1925. An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants, vol. 1 [reprint]. Bureau of Printing, Manila. 463 pp.

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2001. Voucher specimen #PTBG37110(Diane Ragone 2001-33).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2001. Voucher specimen #PTBG35363(David H. Lorence 8702).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2002. Voucher specimen #PTBG40515(Stephanie Dunbar 002).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2008. Voucher specimen #PTBG70(David H. Lorence 9778).

Ohba, T. 1994. Flora and vegetation of the northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia. Biological Expedition to the Northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia. In A. Asakua & T. Furuki, eds.  Natural History Research, Special issue no. 1, Chiba, Japan: Natural History Museum and Institute. pp. 13-69.

Oppenheimer, Hank. 2008. New Hawaiian plant records for 2007. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2007. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 100:22-38.

Oppenheimer, Hank L. 2003. New plant records from Maui and Hawai‘i Counties. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2001-2002. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 73:3-30.

Orchard, Anthony E., ed. 1993. Flora of Australia. Vol. 50, Oceanic islands 2. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty]. 1984. Flora of the Bismarck Archipelago for naturalists. Office of Forests, Division of Botany, Lae, Papua New Guinea. 638 pp. ISBN 9980-66-000-7.

Ragone, Diane/Lorence, David H. 2003. Botanical and ethnobotanical inventories of the National Park of American Samoa. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, Hawaii and Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, Department of Botany, University of Hawaii. 91 pp.

Raulerson, L. 2006. Checklist of Plants of the Mariana Islands. University of Guam Herbarium Contribution 37:1-69. .

Smith, Albert C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 1. 494 pp.

Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie. 2009. Report to the Republic of Palau: 2008 update on Invasive Plant Species. USDA Forest Service, Hilo, Hawai‘i. 227 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate. 2004. Report to the Government of Niue and the United Nations Development Programme: Invasive plant species on Niue following Cyclone Heta. UNDP NIU/98/G31 - Niue Enabling Activity. 80 pp.

St. John, H. 1987. An account of the flora of Pitcairn Island with new Pandanus species. Pacific Plant Studies 46. Honolulu, 65 pp. [Privately published].

St. John, Harold. 1988. Census of the Flora of the Gambier Islands, Polynesia. Pacific Plant Studies 43. Honolulu, Hawaii. 34 pp. [Privately published].

Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.

Swarbrick, John T. 1997. Weeds of the Pacific Islands. Technical paper no. 209. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 124 pp.

Sykes, W. R. 1970. Contributions to the flora of Niue. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 200, Wellington. 321 pp.

Sykes, W. R. 1977. Kermadec Islands flora: an annotated checklist. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 219, Wellington. 216 pp.

Sykes, W. R. 1981. The vegetation of Late, Tonga. Allertonia 2(6):323-353.

Toyoda, Takeshi. 2003. Flora of the Bonin Islands. Aboc & Co. 522 pp.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. 2011. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

Vander Velde, Nancy. 2003. The vascular plants of Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Atoll Research Bulletin No. 503:1-141.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Welsh, S. L. 1998. Flora Societensis: A summary revision of the flowering plants of the Society Islands. E.P.S. Inc., Orem, Utah. 420 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1983. Weed Handbook of Western Polynesia. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Eschborn. 151 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1988. Checklist of the weed flora of western Polynesia. Technical Paper No. 194, South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 69 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1990. The weeds of Manu‘a [unpublished checklist]. 18 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1991. The ethnobotany of Tonga: The plants, their Tongan names, and their uses. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Botany 2. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 155 pp. ISBN 0-930897-57-9.

Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flora of Tonga [unpublished checklist]. 107 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 2000. Plants in Samoan culture: The ethnobotany of Samoa. Isle Botanica. 234 pp. ISB: 0-9645426-6-8.

Wu, Te-lin. 2001. Check List of Hong Kong Plants. Hong Kong Herbarium and the South China Institute of Botany. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department Bulletin 1 (revised). 384 pp.

Yuncker, T. G. 1945. Plants of the Manua Islands. Bishop Mus. Bull. 184. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 73 pp.

Yuncker, T. G. 1959. Plants of Tonga. Bishop Museum Bull. 220. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 343 pp.

Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong. 2011. Flora of China (online resource).