(L.) Gaertn., Solanaceae |
|
Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Primarily a threat at high elevations? no
Common name(s): [more details]
Chinese: jia suan jiang |
English: apple of Peru, shooflyplant |
French: nicandra |
Spanish: capulí cimarró, capuli cimarron, capuli de la costa, cimarró, toccoro |
Habit: herb
Description: "Erect annual herbs up to 2 m tall, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Leaves narrowly to broadly ovate, 4-20 cm long, 2-10 cm wide, upper surface with sparse, short, inflated, eglandular hairs, lower surface glabrous or nearly so, margins widely, irregularly, and shallowly dentate or subentire, apex acute to acumunate, base cuneate to attenuate, petioles 2-6 cm long, narrowly winged above. Pedicels 1-2 cm long, recurved; calyx lobes ovate, 1-2 cm long, apex acute to acuminate, base sagittate and often mucronate at basal tips, the lobes appressed along the margins to form longitudinal wings; corolla pale blue or mauve with a blue spot on the paler base of each lobe, the lobes 1-2.5 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, margins entire, obtuse; style thick, erect, 3-6 mm long. Berries pale yellowish, dryish, globose, 1-2 cm in diameter, enclosed in the accrescent, scarious, reticulate calyx. Seeds numerous, subdiscoid to broadly reniform, 1.2-2.1 mm long, testa reticulate-foveolate" (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1260-1261).
Habitat/ecology: "A weed of crop lands throughout the world in temperate and tropic zones" (Motooka et al., 2003). In Hawaii, "naturalized in dry to mesic, disturbed habitats, 3-830 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1260-1261). In New Caledonia, "mauvaise herbe peu commune des cultures" (MacKee, 1994; p. 131).
Propagation: Seed
Native range: Peru
Presence:
Pacific | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Australia (Pacific offshore islands)
Norfolk Islands |
Norfolk Island |
introduced
invasive |
Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 10)
"A native of Peru which is now widespread as a weed of arable land in warm temperate and subtropical areas". Vouchers cited: W.R. Sykes NI 140 (CHR); 1898, I. Robinson (NSW); 1902, J.H. Maiden & J.L. Boorman (NSW); J.D. McComish 193 (NSW) |
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Floreana Group |
Floreana Island |
introduced
invasive |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Isabela Group |
Isabela Island |
introduced
invasive |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Isabela Group |
Volcán Sierra Negra, Isabela Island |
introduced
invasive |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
San Cristóbal Group |
San Cristóbal Island |
introduced
invasive |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Santa Cruz Group |
Santa Cruz Island |
introduced
invasive |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Observed in survey, no herbarium record. |
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Santiago Group |
Santiago Island |
introduced
invasive |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Hawaii (Big) Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1260-1261) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kauai Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1260-1261) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Lānai Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Oppenheimer, Hank (2010) (p. 38)
Voucher cited: Oppenheimer & Perlman H50807 (BISH, PTBG) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1260-1261) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Molokai Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1260-1261) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Oahu Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1260-1261) |
New Caledonia
Matthew Island |
Île Matthew |
introduced
invasive |
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 131)
Voucher cited: Monzier s.n. (NOU) |
New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
introduced
invasive |
Tassin, Jacques (2005) |
New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
introduced
invasive |
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 131)
Vouchers cited: Baumann 5248, MacKee 27092, Cherrier in MacKee 35906, Cherrier in MacKee 43544 |
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
|
Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 36)
Rare. Not seen by author. Voucher cited: Sykes 1235 |
Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
Tongatapu Island |
Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 36)
Voucher cited: Buelow 1905 |
Pacific Rim | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
New South Wales | Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 505) | |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Northern Territory | Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 505) | |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Queensland | Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 505) | |
Central America
Central America (Pacific rim) |
Costa Rica (Republic of) | Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 509) | |
Central America
Central America (Pacific rim) |
El Salvador (Republic of) | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 247-248) | |
Central America
Central America (Pacific rim) |
Guatemala (Republic of) | Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 509) | |
Central America
Central America (Pacific rim) |
Honduras (Republic of) | Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 509) | |
Central America
Central America (Pacific rim) |
Nicaragua (Republic of) | Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 509) | |
China
China |
China (People's Republic of) | Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 505) | |
China
China |
Hong Kong |
introduced
cultivated |
Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 218)
Ornamental. |
Indonesia
Indonesia |
Indonesia (Republic of) | Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 505) | |
Japan
Japan |
Japan | Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 505) | |
Japan
Japan |
Japan |
introduced
|
Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 188) |
Mexico
Mexico |
Mexico (United Mexican States) | Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 505) | |
New Zealand
New Zealand |
New Zealand (country) |
introduced
invasive |
Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 1228)
"Gardens, waste places, rubbish heaps, open, modified scrub, and occasionally in crops". |
South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Perú (Republic of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Thailand
Thailand |
Thailand (Kingdom of) | Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 505) |
Control:
Chemical: "Susceptible to hormone-type herbicides, especially at young stages of growth, and probably to tebuthiuron, as are other solanaceous species" (Motooka et al., 2003).