Muntingia calabura L., Muntinginaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 12 (Go to the risk assessment)

Common name(s): [more details]

Chamorro: mansanita, mansanita, manzanilla, manzanilla, manzanita

English: calabur-tree, calabura, capulin, jam tree, Jamaican cherry, ornamental cherry, Panama berry, Panama cherry, Singapore cherry, sirsen, strawberry tree

French: bois ramier, cerisier de Panama

Maori (Cook Islands): venevene, venevene, venevene

Nauruan: bin

Palauan: budo

Spanish: bolaina yamanaza, cacaniqua, capulín blanco, nigua, niguito

Tahitian: cerise, monomona

Tongarevan: venevene

Ulithian: sugar

Yapese: budo

Habit:  tree

Description:  "Small tree with tiered slightly drooping branches with crowded distichous simple alternate strongly asymmetrical sticky-pubescent oblong acuminate obliquely subcordate thin serrulate leaves, soon wilting, 2.5-15 cm long, 1-6.5 cm wide; stipules linear, about 5 mm long, caducous, flowers bisexual, 1 or few in axils, on pedicels about 2-3 cm long; sepals 5 (rarely 6 or 7), each about 1 cm long, lanceolate-caudate, tomentose-hirsute; petals white, [or pink], broadly spathulate-deltoid, about 12-13 mm long, rotate, stamens about 75; filaments slender, distinct, 6 mm long, white; anthers small yellow; disc annular, around the ovary; hirsute; ovary stipitate, glabrous, 5-celled; stigma capitate, 5-riged; fruit 5-celled baccate, sub-globose, light red, 1-1.5 cm wide, sweet-juicy, with many small (1/2 mm) elliptic grayish yellow seeds, stigma persistent" (Stone, 1970; pp. 404-405).

Habitat/ecology:  A pioneer species favoring disturbed areas. Seeds germinate only with light; plants can be shaded out by overtopping vegetation. In French Polynesia (Raiatea) naturalizing to 300 m (Welsh, 1998; p. 281). In New Caledonia, "est parfois planté dans les jardins" (MacKee, 1994; p. 49).

Propagation:  Fruits contain hundreds of tiny seeds. "The seeds are spread by birds and fruit bats, may build up to large seed banks under rainforest, and require filtered light for germination.  Seedlings are very delicate but grow rapidly, soon forming thickets the shade of which prevents further...germination." (Swarbrick, 1997; pp. 51-52).

Native range:  Tropical America; widely cultivated and naturalized.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 158)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 32) Voucher cited: Falanruw 1620 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1980) (p. 212) Voucher cited: G. Perez & Falanruw 3327 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 45)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 635230) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 635257) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 1000031) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 1000032) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 158)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 184680) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 187682) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 158)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 184679) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 184686) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 184687) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 45)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1952) (voucher ID: BISH 184685) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Manihiki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Penrhyn (Tongareva) Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Pukapuka Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Rakahanga Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 28)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 158)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. (1969) (p. 9) Voucher cited: Evans 369 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 158)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 81677) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 158)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 158)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 81621) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 158)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 81678) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Fiji Islands	introduced cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 373)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 292-294)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 292-294)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 292-294)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 292-294)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1986) (voucher ID: BISH 544403) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 292-294)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 292-294)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 292-294)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 292-294)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 649989) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 292-294)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 281) Voucher cited: BRY 26419
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 292-294)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 493592) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 281) Voucher cited: Florence 5252
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 292-294)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 292-294)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 699057) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	introduced cultivated	Sachet, M.-H./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 64)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Ana‘a Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 292-294)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 292-294)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491740) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Manihi Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 292-294)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Manihi Atoll	introduced cultivated	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 27)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 292-294)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 642313) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Rangiroa (Rairoa) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 292-294)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 292-294)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced cultivated	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 27)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikehau (Tikahau) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 292-294)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikehau (Tikahau) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 541742) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 292-294)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 545613) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced cultivated	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (pp. 404-405) Voucher cited: Stone 3793 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 158)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 23006) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 184678) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 184681) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 184683) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 588) Voucher cited: Kerr 1-A (BISH) Possibly naturalized.
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 99)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 201) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58752 (US), Scully 139N (US), Thaman & Manner 91 (SUVA)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 49) Voucher cited: MacKee 16067
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 88)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 86)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 89)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 158)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 81)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 158)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 81)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 660017) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 81)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 90)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngercheu Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92) Carp Resort.
Palau Sonsorol Group	Merir Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 94)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 94)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 625531) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		? (year unknown)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Mbanika Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 597641) Taxon name on voucher: Muntingia calabura L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced cultivated	Orapa, Warea (2005)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Futuna (Horne) Island	introduced cultivated	Orapa, Warea (2005)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis Island	introduced cultivated	Orapa, Warea (2005)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (pp. 51-52, 120)
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 37)

Comments:  Reported to be moderately invasive on Nauru (Meyer, 2000; p. 99).

Control: 

Chemical: Stem injection with 50% Roundup® in water. Possibly may be controlled by cut stump treatment with 50% Roundup® or by basal bark treatment with 10% Garlon® 600 in diesel oil. (Swarbrick, 1997; pp. 51-52).

Additional information:  Photo at the University of Guam "Plants of Guam" web site.
Information from the Purdue University NewCROP web site.
Information from the World Agroforestry Centre's AgroForestryTree Database.

Additional online information about Muntingia calabura is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Muntingia calabura may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 184679 (Hosaka, E.Y. 3016).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 184681 (Fosberg, F.R. 25412).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 184683 (Hosaka, E.Y. 3127).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 187682 (Fosberg, F.R. 25074).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 184686 (Lange, W.H. 4).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 184678 (Anderson, D. 24).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 184687 (Kondo, Y. 1).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 184680 (Fosberg, F.R. 31836).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1952. Voucher specimen #BISH 184685 (Kondo, Y. 26A).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 81621 (Fosberg, F.R. 47072).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 81677 (Fosberg, F.R. 47191).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 81678 (Fosberg, F.R. 46550).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 660017 (Fosberg, F.R. 47605).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 23006 (Cushing-Falanruw, M.V. 773).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 491740 (Florence, J. 4060).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 493592 (Florence, J. 3512).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 699057 (Florence, J. 2402).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 545613 (Florence,J. 5996).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 541742 (Florence, J. 7128).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 635230 (Herbst, D.R. 7251).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 635257 (Herbst, D.R. 7272).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000031 (Herbst, D.R. 7272).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000032 (Herbst, D.R. 7251).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1986. Voucher specimen #BISH 544403 (Florence,J. 7233).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 642313 (Florence, J. 10159).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 597641 (Herbst, D.R. 9335).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 625531 (A.K.Kepler 92-294).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 649989 (Florence 11715).

Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

Falanruw, Marjorie C./Maka, Jean E./Cole, Thomas G./Whitesell, Craig D. 1990. Common and scientific names of trees and shrubs of Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. Pac. SW Forest and Range Expt. Stn. Resource Bulletin PSW-67. 91 pp.

Florence, J. 2004. Flore de la Polynésie française, Vol. 2. Paris. IRE Editions, Publications Scientifiques, Collection Faune et Flore Tropicales 41. 503 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. 1969. A collection of plants from Fais, Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 133. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 15 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1975. Vascular flora of the northern Marianas Islands. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 22:1-45.

Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1980. Additional records of vascular plants from the northern Mariana Islands. 2. Micronesica 16: 211-214.

Fosberg, F. R./Otobed, D./Sachet, M.-H./Oliver, R. L./Powell, D. A./Canfield, J. E. 1980. Vascular plants of Palau with vernacular names. Department of Botany, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 43 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

McCormack, Gerald. 2007. Cook Islands biodiversity and natural heritage. On-line database.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2000. Preliminary review of the invasive plants in the Pacific islands (SPREP Member Countries). In: Sherley, G. (tech. ed.). Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Samoa. 190 pp.

Orapa, Warea. 2005. Warea Orapa, Weed Mangement Officer, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, pers. com. (Trip Report, Solomon Islands, 19 April to 10 May, 2005).

Orapa, Warea. 2005. Warea Orapa, Weed Mangement Officer, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, pers. com. (Trip Report, Wallis and Futuna Islands, 8 to 22 May, 2004).

Orchard, Anthony E., ed. 1993. Flora of Australia. Vol. 50, Oceanic islands 2. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Raulerson, L. 2006. Checklist of Plants of the Mariana Islands. University of Guam Herbarium Contribution 40:1-69. .

Raulerson, L./Rinehart, A. 1991. Trees and shrubs of the northern Mariana Islands. Saipan: Coastal Resources Management Office of the Governor, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 96950. 119 pp.

Sachet, M-H. 1983. Takapoto Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago: terrestrial vegetation and flora. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 277. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 41 pp. + photos.

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