Mimosa pudica L., Fabaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results: 

Reject, score: 18 (Go to the risk assessment (Pacific))
Reject, score: 17 (Go to the risk assessment (U.S. (Florida)))

Common name(s): [more details]

Bikol: torog-torog

Cebuano: huya-huya, kirom-kirom

Chamorro: betguen sosa

Chinese: han xiu cao

English: common sensitive plant, sensitive grass, sensitive plant, shameplant, sleeping grass, touch-me-not

Fijian: co gadrogadro, cogadrogadro, cokadrokadro, cokadrokadro, ngandrongandro, tho kandrodandro, tho ngandrongandro

Filipino: tuyag-tuyag

French: sensitive

Hawaiian: pua hilahila

Hindi: lajalu, lajwania, lajwanti

I-Kiribati: te kaimatu

Iloko: babain

Japanese: nemurigusa

Maori (Cook Islands): paope ‘āvare, pikika‘a, pikika‘a, rākau ‘avare, rākau ‘avarevare, rākau pikika‘a, rākau pikika‘a, tiare pikika‘a, titā ‘āvarevare, titā ‘āvarevare, titā pikika‘a

Niuean: memege

Other: nemas une-map

Palauan: mechiuaiu

Pohnpeian: limemeirkelik, limemeirpong, limemeirpwong

Rotuman: aifeaefarmori

Samoan: vao fefe, vao fefe

Spanish: dormidera, sensitiva

Subanen: sipug-sipug

Tagalog: makahiya

Tahitian: pohe ha‘avare, pope ha‘avare

Tongan: mateloi

Wallisian: malualoi, malualoi

Habit:  herb

Description:  "A much-branched perennial herb, slightly woody at the base; with either an upright or low trailing habit, from 20 to 100 cm in height; stems stiff with thorns and scattered prickles on internodes, reddish brown or purple; leaves normally with one or two compound leaflets, bipinnate; leaflets 12 to 25 pairs, oblong-linear, pointed, with hairy margins, 9 to 12 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, leaflets when touched draw back and fold up together with pinnae and petioles, movements are quickest  in young plants; flower heads pinkish, ovoid, 9 mm in diameter, on axillary peduncles 12 to 25 mm long, with prickles; stamens four; pods attached in a cluster, oblong, almost flat, pointed at tip, edges armed with small, outstanding prickles, 1 to 2 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide, breaking into once-seeded joints; seeds one to five, flattened, small, 3 mm in diameter.  The leaves which are sensitive (leaflets are drawn back and folded with the pinnae and petioles) when touched are a distinguishing characteristic of this species" (Holm et al., 1977; p 332).

"More or less prostrate perennial creeper; stems reddish-brown, prickly; leaves immediately folding by pulvini if touched or jarred; pinnae 4, often reddish; leaflets 12-25 pairs, linear, acute, bristly; 9-12 mm long, 1.5 mm wide; flowers pink, in globose heads, nearly 1 cm in diameter, axillary, peduncle up to 2.5 cm long; pods crowded, flat, prickly-bristly, indented between the few (2-4) seeds, to nearly 2 cm long; seeds about 2 mm broad, rounded, brown" (Stone, 1970; p. 302).

Habitat/ecology:  "Sensitive plant grows on most well drained soils, even scalped or eroded subsoils and soils with low nutrient concentrations. It requires disturbed soils to establish itself. Repeated burning may encourage its spread in pastures (Siregar and others 1990). Sensitive plant is shade intolerant and does not compete with tall vegetation or grow under forest canopies. The species' roots produce carbon disulfide, which selectively inhibits colonization of the rhizosphere by mycorrhizal and pathogenic fungi (Feng and others 1998). This plant occurs in croplands, orchards, pastures, mowed areas, roadsides, and areas disturbed by construction. It may grow as a single plant or in tangled thickets. Sensitive plant grows from near sea level up to 1,300 m in elevation (Holm and others 1977) and in areas with annual precipitations from about 1000 to over 2000 mm"  (Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories).

"Common in rather moist waste ground, in lawns, in open plantations, and weedy thickets" (Stone, 1970; p. 302).  Forms a dense ground cover, preventing reproduction of other species.  A wildland fire hazard when dry. 

In Fiji, "an abundantly naturalized weed in cultivated areas, along roadsides, in pastures, on waste land, and forming mats on the dry mud of river banks, at elevations up to about 500 m"  (Smith, 1985; pp. 61-62).  In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in open, dry to wet, disturbed areas, especially lawns, 5-700 m"  (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 687-688). In New Guinea, "a weed of pastures, roadsides and coconut plantations. At low and median altitudes." (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p. 119). In Tonga, "a common weed in plantations, grazing areas and waste areas" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 130). In New Caledonia, "elle est commune aujourd'hui, souvent en dehors des pâturages" (MacKee, 1994; p. 79). "Mauvaise herbe pantropicale, utilisée parfois le long des routes comme plante de couverture contre l'érosion" (Nielsen, 1983; pp. 19-23).

Propagation:  "Seed pods float and are spread by water.  Pods are also spread when attached to fur, clothing and mud on vehicles. Spread by bulldozers, graders, roadside slashers, etc."  (Smith, 2002; pp. 34-35).

Native range:  First described from Brazil, now a pan-tropical weed.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 40)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) Reported to be present but not seen by Space & Flynn.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 36)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Setchell, William Albert (1924) (p. 92)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1920) (voucher ID: BISH 155111) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane (2000) (p. 5)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 34)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Falanruw, Marjorie (1999) (p. Field notes.)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 34)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 8)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1960) (voucher ID: BISH 10222) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 8)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 8)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 8)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 8)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Palmerston (Avarau) Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 8)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 155113) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 28)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 28)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 155075) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 78) Vouchers cited: Glassman 2432 (US), Kanehira 863 (NY)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 94) Vouchers cited: E. Albert 21a (NY, PTBG), D. Anderson 831 (BISH), M.J. Balick 3827 (NY, PTBG), M.J. Balick 3940 (NY, PTBG), F.R. Fosberg 58504 (BISH), S.F. Glassman 2432 (BISH), R. Kanehira 863 (BISH), D.H. Lorence 8100 (MO, NY, PTBG, US), P. Raynor 165 (NY, PTBG), M. Takamatsu 801 (BISH) Invasive
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 155073) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 155082) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 155087) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 660427) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 33545) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L. var. var. hispida Brenan
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 41825) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L. var. var. hispida Brenan
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 28677) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L. var. var. hispida Brenan
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1998) (voucher ID: PTBG 34631) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L. var. var. hispida Brenan
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 43758) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica var. hispida
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Tomil Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 697180) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Falanruw, Marjorie (1999) (p. Field notes)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 155085) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 660428) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1948) (voucher ID: BISH 698056) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 61-62) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 775
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 420644) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 614983) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 61-62) Voucher cited: DA 4048
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 61-62) Vouchers cited: DA 5028, DA 9107
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 61-62) Voucher cited: DA 10223
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 420643) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 61-62) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 392, Smith 4750, DA 11352, DA 9456, Greenwood 392A, DA 4047, DA 10617, DA 10579, DA 12267; Fiji, no location, Seemann 140
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1960) (voucher ID: BISH 14447) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 155105) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 155106) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. unijuga (E.P. Duchassaing & W.G. Walpers) A.H.K. Grisebach Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced cultivated	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 16) Voucher cited: Fosberg 11166 (BISH)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. unijuga (E.P. Duchassaing & W.G. Walpers) A.H.K. Grisebach Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: B.G. Decker 2094 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1964) (voucher ID: PTBG 13218) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica var. unijuga
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. unijuga (E.P. Duchassaing & W.G. Walpers) A.H.K. Grisebach. Voucher cited: S.P. Perlman , K.R. Wood , J.-P. Luce & B. Rollet 15943 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 26302) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. unijuga (E.P. Duchassaing & W.G. Walpers) A.H.K. Grisebach Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. unijuga (E.P. Duchassaing & W.G. Walpers) A.H.K. Grisebach. Voucher cited: S.P. Perlman, K.R. Wood, J.-Y. Meyer, J.-P. Kautai & B. Kohumoetini 15879 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 52)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: F.R. Fosberg 61194 (PAP); var. unijuga (E.P. Duchassaing & W.G. Walpers) A.H.K. Grisebach: J. Florence & R. Tahuaitu 11704 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 643405) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 37) Voucher cited: Fosberg 64764 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 52)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 2134 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1981) (voucher ID: BISH 491680) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 28) Voucher cited: Sachet 952 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 155) Vouchers cited: Moore 9, BRY 25738
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. unijuga (E.P. Duchassaing & W.G. Walpers) A.H.K. Grisebach Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 52)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 5237 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 492319) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 607297) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 155)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 3096 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 493041) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raro‘ia Atoll	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves/Fourdrigniez, Marie (2008) (p. 14) Adventice d'introduction européene.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikehau (Tikahau) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 7078 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikehau (Tikahau) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 544948) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. unijuga (E.P. Duchassaing & W.G. Walpers) A.H.K. Grisebach Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 6226 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 552802) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. unijuga (E.P. Duchassaing & W.G. Walpers) A.H.K. Grisebach Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 302)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 155078) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1962) (voucher ID: BISH 155079) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 660429) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 660430) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1980) (voucher ID: PTBG 22718) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L. var. var. hispida Brenan
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1965) (voucher ID: PTBG 22657) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica var. unijuga
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 687-688)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 687-688)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 687-688)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 687-688)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank L. (2003) (p. 13) Var. unijuga, voucher cited: Oppenheimer H110139 (BISH, PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	introduced invasive	Imada, Clyde (2007) (p. 37) Var. unijuga (Duchass. & Walp.) Griseb. Voucher cited: H. St. John 22798 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 687-688) Voucher cited: Mann & Brigham 402 (BISH)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands		Unknown (year unknown)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 55) Voucher cited: Fosberg 36640
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1959) (p. 5) Voucher cited: Fosberg 36640 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1956) (voucher ID: BISH 155081) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 150) Vouchers cited: Scully 156N (US), Hassall 190 (SUVA)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 94)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 381) Rudérale, nombreuses localités
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 79) Var. hispida Brenan.; voucher cited: Baumann & Guillaumin 10531; var. tetrandra (H. et. B. ex Willd.) DC.; vouchers cited: Schlecter 14882, MacKee 38050, MacKee 38467, MacKee 38575; var. unijuga (Duchass. & Walp.) Griseb.; vouchers cited: Boudouin 34 s.loc., MacKee 4066
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 10866) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1981) (voucher ID: BISH 664395) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 79) Var. unijuga (Duchass. & Walp.) Griseb.; voucher cited: Baumann 13760
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1971) (voucher ID: BISH 664402) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 122) Voucher cited: CHR 168725
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 26)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 5)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 35)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 59) "Not seen, but claimed by local informants to occur on the island".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 12)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 88)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 12)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 85)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 12)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (2007) (voucher ID: BNM 4422) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2007) (voucher ID: PTBG 47531) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica var. hispida
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 81)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 12)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 660426) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 660537) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1967) (voucher ID: BNM 468) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1966) (voucher ID: BNM 467) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 81)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 12)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 81)
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago	introduced invasive	Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 209)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	introduced invasive	Henty, E. E./Pritchard, G. H. (1975) (p. 119) At low and median altitudes, sometimes common.
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	introduced invasive	Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (p. 34)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1994) (p. 159)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced invasive	Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (p. 251) In open waste places at low and medium altitudes in the settled areas, common and abundant.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (pp. 7-8)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1906) (voucher ID: BISH 155112) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (pp. 7-8)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 29219) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced invasive	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 92)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced invasive	Shine, C./Reaser, J. K./Gutierrez, A. T., eds. (2003) (p. 166) Dominant invader.
Tokelau Tokelau Islands	Tokelau Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 94)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘ano Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 9)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka and Foa Islands	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 9)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 31) Voucher cited: Scarth-Johnson 88
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 651881) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 1000821) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	‘Uiha Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 9)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 130) "Throughout Tonga".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 9)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 130) Cited: Lister.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 9)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 31) Voucher cited: Soakai 615
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 130) Vouchers cited: Hülimann 45, Yuncker 15158
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1959) (voucher ID: BISH 155108) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 155109) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 155110) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 350)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuafo‘ou Island		Uhe, G. (1972)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 456081) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 9)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 31) Voucher cited: Soakai 864
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 130) Cited: Harvey, Crosby.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced	Burkill, I. H. (1900) (p. 36)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Erromango Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1928) (voucher ID: BISH 155104) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Shine, C./Reaser, J. K./Gutierrez, A. T., eds. (2003) (p. 180)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (pp. 11, 35)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 94)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 26)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	introduced invasive	Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (pp. 34-35)
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	introduced invasive	Australian Biological Resources Study (2011)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (pp. 34-35)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Australian Biological Resources Study (2011)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1994) (p. 159)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced invasive	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) "Wilderness tracts, wastelands, or cultivated; sea level to 1500 m".
China China	Hong Kong	introduced invasive cultivated	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (pp. 132-133) Along roadside, ornamental.
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1994) (p. 159)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 185)
Japan Ryukyu Islands	Ryukyu Islands	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1994) (p. 159)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Negara Brunei Darussalam Brunei	Brunei (Negara Brunei Darussalam)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 67, 78)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 67, 78)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 61) Naturalised
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1994) (p. 159)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1994) (p. 159)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 120)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Chagos Archipelago	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		Stoddart, D. R./Taylor, J. D., eds. (1971) (p. 151) Vouchers cited: Stoddart 884 (K, US), Stoddart 841 (K, US)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. Arthur (1996) (p. 28)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1995) (voucher ID: PTBG 37912) Taxon name on voucher: Mimosa pudica L.
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Maldives Maldive Islands	Maldive Islands	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Maldives Maldive Islands	Malè Atoll		Fosberg, F. R. (1957) (p. 21)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Rodrigues Island	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
French Territory of Mayotte Mayotte Islands	Mayotte Island	introduced invasive	Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2010)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Coetivy Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 150) Voucher cited: Roberston 3158 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 52) Voucher cited: Robertson 2698
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Groupe d'Aldabra	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)

Comments:  A declared noxious weed in Western Australia and the Northern Territory (Smith, 2002; pp. 34-35).

Control: 

Physical:  Hand weeding is difficult due to thorns and a woody root (Wagner, 1983).  "Seems to be controlled by intensive grazing management, under which under which cattle will kick the hilahila out of the way to get at the grass beneath.  Hawaiian variety reportedly toxic to livestock, although no actual cases of livestock poisoning have been reported, probably because cattle do not graze it.  In Western Samoa, cattle have been grazed on pure hilahila stands, but the toxicity of the Samoan ecotypes is not known"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Chemical: "It is susceptible to several herbicides, including dicamba, glyphosate, picloram and triclopyr" (Parsons and Cuthbertson, 1992; pp. 447-449).  "Very sensitive to picloram (0.25 lb/acre), sensitive to triclopyr (1 lb/acre). Poor control with dicamba and 2,4-D. Soil-applied tebuthiuron effective" (Motooka et al., 2003).

Biological: See Waterhouse and Norris (1987; pp. 328-331) and Waterhouse (1994; pp. 161-162) for lists of natural enemies and information on prospective biological control agents.

Additional information:
Excerpt from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).
Information from the Global Invasive Species Database.
Fact sheet from "Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories: thamnic descriptions" (PDF format).
Fact sheet from the Government of Queensland, Australia. (PDF format).

Additional online information about Mimosa pudica is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Mimosa pudica as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Mimosa pudica may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Australian Biological Resources Study. 2011. Flora of Australia Online. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1966. Voucher specimen #BNM467(Blackburn, B. E-18).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1967. Voucher specimen #BNM468(Hardy, S. 21).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 2007. Voucher specimen #BNM4422(Balick et al. 4422).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1906. Voucher specimen #BISH 155112 (Vaupel, F. 123).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1920. Voucher specimen #BISH 155111 (Setchell, W.A. 33).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1928. Voucher specimen #BISH 155104 (Kajewski, S.F. 370).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 155073 (Kanehira, R. 863).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 155113 (Wilder, G.P. 1005).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 155085 (Takamatsu, M. 1859).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 155087 (Takamatsu, M. 801).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 155105 (St.John, H. 18916).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 614983 (St.John, H. 19262).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 155075 (Hosaka, E.Y. 2776).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 155078 (Hosaka, E.Y. 3187).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 697180 (Hosaka, E.Y. 3270).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 29219 (Giffen 3).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 155106 (Smith, A.C. 4750).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1948. Voucher specimen #BISH 698056 (Wong, C.C.Y. 489).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 10866 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 1612).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 155082 (Glassman, S.F. 2432).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 155110 (Yuncker, T.G. 15158).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1956. Voucher specimen #BISH 155081 (Fosberg, F.R. 36640).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1959. Voucher specimen #BISH 155108 (Soakai, E. 615).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1960. Voucher specimen #BISH 10222 (Krauss, N.L.H. 458).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1960. Voucher specimen #BISH 14447 (Pillay, S. 12267).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1962. Voucher specimen #BISH 155079 (Shmull, Y. 70).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 660429 (Evans, M. 686).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1966. Voucher specimen #BISH 155109 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1029).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1966. Voucher specimen #BISH 660537 (Blackburn, B.S. E 18).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 660426 (Hardy, S.A. 21).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1971. Voucher specimen #BISH 664402 (Mackee, H.S. 23482).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 456081 (Kirch, P.V. 318).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 420643 (Garnock-Jones, P.J. 307322).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 420644 (Garnock-Jones, P.J. 307323).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 660427 (Fosberg, F.R. 58504).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 660428 (Fosberg, F.R. 59998).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 660430 (Fosberg, F.R. 59671).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1981. Voucher specimen #BISH 491680 (Florence, J. 2134).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1981. Voucher specimen #BISH 664395 (Mackee, H.S. 38575).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 493041 (Florence, J. 3096).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 607297 (Fosberg, F.R. 63538).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 651881 (Buelow, G. 2712).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000821 (G.Buelow 2712).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 492319 (Florence, J. 5237).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 552802 (Florence, J. 6226).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 544948 (Florence, J. 7078).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 643405 (Florence 11704).

Burkill, I. H. 1900. The flora of Vavau, one of the Tonga Islands, with a short account of its vegetation by Charles Steele Crosby. Lin. Jour. Bot. 35:20-65.

Charles Darwin Foundation. 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos. Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos, Ecuador.

Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore. 273 pp.

Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France. 2010. Les espéces envahissantes en outre-mer (online resource).

Englberger, Konrad. 2009. Invasive weeds of Pohnpei: A guide for identification and public awareness. Conservation Society of Pohnpei. 29 pp.

Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. 2011. Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP). (online resource).

Fosberg, F. R. 1957. The Maldive Islands, Indian Ocean. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 58. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 37 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1959. Additional records of phanerogams from the northern Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 68. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 9 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.

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