Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka, Poaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E. Hubbard, Tricholaena rosea Nees, Tricholaena repens (Willd.) Hitchc.

Common name(s): [more details]

English: blanketgrass, Holme's grass, Natal grass, Natal redtop, red Natal grass

Fijian: thongithongi

French: fleur-la-misère, herbe du Natal, herbe pappangue, herbe rose, tit fleur, tricholène

Spanish: paja rosada, pasto Natal, zacate rosado

Tongan: salapona

Habit:  grass

Description:  "Perennial [grass]; culms up to 90-100 cm high, in age tufted, glabrous, branched; sheaths to 10 cm long, sometimes longer, lower ones often slightly pubescent; ligule of short hairs 1 mm long; blades flat, 5-20 cm long, 2-5 mm wide, usually glaucous, glabrous dorsally; panicles to about 15 cm long, red or purplish at first, later silvery-pink, of fine ascending scabridulous branchlets; spikelets about 5 mm long, clothed with fine silky hairs 3-5 mm long (chiefly on upper glume and sterile lemma); caryopsis ovate, about 1.3 mm long, smooth, light brown" (Stone, 1970; p. 222).

Description from World Grass Species.

Habitat/ecology:  In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in disturbed, usually dry areas, including urban and agricultural land, dry shrubland, dry forest, and subalpine forest, 0-1,950 m"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1588); "displaces low-growing natives; a fire hazard"  (Motooka et al., 2003).  In Fiji, "common from sea level to about 600 m along roadsides and in cultivated areas, on hillsides, and along forested streams in reed country" (Smith, 1979; p. 363). In New Caledonia, "introduit vers 1900 comme plante fourragère. Maintenant très commun et voyant à basse altitude en terrains vagues et bords de chemins" (MacKee, 1994; pp. 61-62).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  South Africa, now widely introduced.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 12) "An occasional weed". Vouchers cited: P. Ralston 50 (CHR), W.R. Sykes NI 605 (CHR)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 62) as Tricholaena rosea Nees
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 127193) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 62) as Tricholaena rosea Nees
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 572183) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 81)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 664900) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 664901) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 87)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 614722) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 93)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 666138) Taxon name on voucher: Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E.Hubb.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 363) Vouchers cited: DA 3669, DA 8810, DA 8743
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 363) Vouchers cited: DA 8235, DA 8247, DA 8269, Smith 4259, DA 8285, DA 7972, DA 7930, DA 8107, DA 1648, DA 7480
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1954) (voucher ID: BISH 31603) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 31604) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 126677) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 541055) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 544959) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 558057) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 339) Voucher cited: BRY 25436
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 663576) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 339) Voucher cited: Krauss 1660
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1979) (voucher ID: BISH 619019) Taxon name on voucher: Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E.Hubb.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 643637) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 339) Voucher cited: Fosberg 64921
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 614448) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 339) Voucher cited: Florence 8232
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 22336) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 492567) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 547517) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 339) Voucher cited: Fosberg 63434
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 586744) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 642428) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 339) Vouchers cited: Florence 2286, BRY 26046
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491710) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 586752) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Fangataufa Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 664032) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Fangataufa Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 664036) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 492122) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 642824) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikehau (Tikahau) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 546534) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 222) Vouchers cited: Stone 4371 (GUAM), Stone 4715 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 62) as Tricholaena rosea Nees
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 127192) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1962) (voucher ID: BISH 127194) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 588366) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1588, 1912)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1588, 1912)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1588, 1912)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1588, 1912)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1588, 1912)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1588, 1912)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1588, 1912)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007) As Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E.Hubb.
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 17)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 96) Presence not verified.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 62)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll	introduced invasive	St. John, Harold (1960) (p. 323) Voucher cited: Taylor 46-1296
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 62)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 73) As Tricholaena rosea Nees; vouchers cited: Fosberg 58655 (US), Scully 170N (US?), Thaman & Manner 49 (SUVA), Swarbrick 9567
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Loyauté (Loyalty Islands)	introduced invasive cultivated	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 381) Rudérale très commune et voyante à basse altitude.
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Loyauté (Loyalty Islands)	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (pp. 61-62)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Maré	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (pp. 61-62) Voucher cited: Däniker 2619
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Belep	introduced invasive cultivated	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 381) Rudérale très commune et voyante à basse altitude.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Belep	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (pp. 61-62)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive cultivated	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 381) Rudérale très commune et voyante à basse altitude.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (pp. 61-62)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 118)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 96)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced invasive	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 105)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Kotu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 640404) Taxon name on voucher: Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E.Hubb.
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 62) "Occasional throughout the group".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 62) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15490
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 127186) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 101) Vouchers cited: Setchell & Parks 15346, Soakai 68, Soakai 752
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 62) Vouchers cited: Hürlmann 39, Yuncker 15151
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 127188) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1926) (voucher ID: BISH 127189) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 101) Voucher cited: Soakai 873
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 62) Voucher cited: Yuncker 16068
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 127187) Taxon name on voucher: Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Midway Atoll	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1588, 1912)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 96)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 56)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 118)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 307)
China China	China (People's Republic of)		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 118)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 307)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 307)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 118)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. plate)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 118)
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. plate)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. plate)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 125)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Lavergne, Christophe (2006) "Envahissant"
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 307)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)

Control: 

Chemical: "HAVO staff reported control with glyphosate at 1% of product sprayed to wet (Chris Zimmer, HAVO)"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Additional information:  Information from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).

Additional online information about Melinis repens is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Melinis repens may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1926. Voucher specimen #BISH 127189 (Setchell, W.A. 15346).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 31604 (Parham, B.E. 1648).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 126677 (Smith, A.C. 4259).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 127193 (Fosberg, F.R. 31298).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 127186 (Yuncker, T.G. 15490).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 127187 (Yuncker, T.G. 16068).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 127188 (Yuncker, T.G. 15151).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 127192 (Fosberg, F.R. 35252).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1954. Voucher specimen #BISH 31603 (Koroiveibau, D. 7480).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1962. Voucher specimen #BISH 127194 (Stone, B.C.M. 4471).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 588366 (Evans, M. 222).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 22336 (Smith, H.M. 29).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1979. Voucher specimen #BISH 619019 (N.Krauss 1660).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 491710 (Florence, J. 2286).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 492122 (Florence, J. 3080).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 558057 (Florence, J. 4174).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 586744 (Fosberg, F.R. 63434).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 586752 (Fosberg, F.R. 63743).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 640404 (G.Buelow 3227).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 666138 (Sykes, W.R. 399911).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 492567 (Florence, J. 4717).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 544959 (Florence, J. 6948).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 546534 (Florence, J. 7105).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 572183 (Raulerson, L. 10114).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 614448 (Fosberg, F.R. 64921).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 541055 (Florence, J. 8447).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 547517 (Florence, J. 8232).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 664032 (Jolinon, J.C. 1311).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 664036 (Jolinon, J.C. 1270).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 614722 (Sykes, W.R. 467822).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 642428 (Florence 10607).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 642824 (Florence 10149).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 664900 (Sykes, W.R. 474751).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 664901 (Sykes, W.R. 474751).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 643637 (Florence 11702).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1993. Voucher specimen #BISH 663576 (Florence 12069).

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesica 20:1-126.

Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe. 1996. Conséquences des introductions d'espèces animales et végétales sur la biodiversité en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 51:375-401.

Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar. 1980. Grass weeds, vol. 1. CIBA-GEIGY Ltd., Basle, Switzerland. 142 pp. + plates.

Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.

Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp.

Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.

Lavergne, Christophe. 2006. List des especes exotiques envahissantes a La Reunion. Unpublished manuscript (Excel file). .

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

McCormack, Gerald. 2007. Cook Islands biodiversity and natural heritage. On-line database.

Motooka, Philip/Castro, Luisa/Nelson, Duane/ Nagai, Guy/Ching, Lincoln. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa. 184 pp.

Orchard, Anthony E., ed. 1994. Flora of Australia. Vol. 49, Oceanic islands 1. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Smith, Albert C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 1. 494 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2002. Report to the Government of the Cook Islands on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 146 pp.

St. John, Harold. 1960. Flora of Eniwetok Atoll. Pacific Science 14(4):313-336.

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