Melia azedarach L., Meliaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 14 (Go to the risk assessment)

Common name(s): [more details]

Chamorro: paraiso, paráisu

English: bead tree, Chinaberry, Indian lilac, margosa tree, Persian lilac, pride of India, pride-of-India, Sichuan pagoda tree, syringa berrytree, white cedar

Fijian: bakain, dake

French: arbre à chapelets, lilas de Chine, lilas des Indes, lilas des Perse

Hawaiian: ‘ilinia, ‘inia

Kwara‘ae: buriakalo

Maori (Cook Islands): tīra

Nauruan: gadong, gadung

Niuean: sili, tili

Pohnpeian: lelah

Spanish: jasmin de Arabia, jazmin, melia, paraíso, paraiso

Tahitian: tira

Tongan: sita

Ulithian: prais

Habit:  tree

Description:  "Small to medium tree; leaves bipinnate, the lowest pinnae sometimes once more divided (thus partly tripinnate); leaves up to 40-50 cm long, less than half as wide; 5-7 per pinna; base somewhat inequilateral; inflorescence an axillary open panicle to 20 cm long; flowers pale lavender (lilac), nearly 2 cm broad; calyx 5-6-parted, puberulent; petals 5-6, ob-lanceolate, about 8 mm long; stamen-tube lilac, as long as a petal, 10 anthers; ovary with a small disc, 5-6-celled; ovules 2 per cell; fruit subglobose, yellow, to 1.5 cm long" (Stone, 1970; pp. 357-358).

Habitat/ecology:  This fast-growing, deciduous tree reaches 20 m in height.  Its wide-spreading branches form a deep shade. It grows between sea level and 700 m in open dry habitats. It favors old fields, abandoned lots, roadsides, and other disturbed areas (C.W. Smith, 1985; pp. 194-195).  In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in dry, disturbed areas, especially gulches and pastures, 0-610 m"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 918).  In Fiji, "cultivated or sparingly naturalized at low elevations"  (Smith, 1985; p. 529). In Tonga, "presumably introduced as an ornamental but occasionally adventive" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 157). In New Caledonia, "parfois planté et souvent naturalisé" (MacKee, 1994; p. 101). Arid lowlands in the Galápagos Islands (McMullen, 1999; pp. 76-77).

Propagation:  Bird-dispersed seeds. A prolific seed producer.

Native range:  East Asia, but widely cultivated.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 9) "Probably introduced as a timber tree and now naturalised". Vouchers cited: G. Uhe 1192 (K), W.R. Sykes NI 616 (CHR), G. Uhe 1138 (K)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane (2000) (p. 6)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 128)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Falanruw, Marjorie (1999) (p. Field notes.)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 40)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 8)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 8)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 87)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1928) (voucher ID: BISH 160372) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 8)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 160373) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcan Sierra Negra	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1935) (voucher ID: BISH 160405) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 128) Presence not verified.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 128)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 85) Voucher cited: Kanehira 700 (BM)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 160406) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 160407) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 160409) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 128)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 160408) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 128)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Matuku Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (p. 529) Voucher cited: Tothill & Paine 62
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 619153) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (p. 529) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 266, DF 546, DA 39, DA 12346, DA L.11530, DA 18852
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1961) (voucher ID: BISH 15189) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1963) (voucher ID: BISH 33433) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 417166) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Akamaru Island		Welsh, S. L. (1998)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 93) Mesic habitats.
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island		Welsh, S. L. (1998)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Marquesas Islands		Welsh, S. L. (1998)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 76)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 183) Vouchers cited: Moore 699, Moore 724
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 183) Voucher cited: BRY 26544
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 183) Voucher cited: Grant 5459
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raroia Atoll	introduced cultivated	Doty, Maxwell S. (1954) (p. 39)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 553654) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 644234) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 543900) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 543901) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 558115) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Tubuai (Austral) Islands		Welsh, S. L. (1998)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced cultivated	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (pp. 357-358)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 128)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1918) (voucher ID: BISH 160401) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1918) (voucher ID: BISH 160402) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1954) (voucher ID: BISH 160404) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 918-919)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 918-919)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 918-919)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 918-919)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Hughes, Guy D'Oyly (1995) (p. 7) Voucher cited: Hughes 43 (BISH) Naturalized in lowland gulches and disturbed areas.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 918-919)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 918-919)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	native	Toyoda, Takeshi (2003) (p. 257)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands		Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 128)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 169) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58732, Scully 122N, Thaman & Manner 74 (SUVA)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Maré	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 101) Voucher cited: Sarasin 504 (Z)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 382) Rudérale, nombreuses localités
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 101) Vouchers cited: Grunow s.n. (W), Sarasin 236 (Z), Franc A 95, MacKee 4312, MacKee 32128
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 101) Voucher cited: MacKee 33736
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Yande	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 101) Voucher cited: Däniker 372a (Z)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 119) Mostly cultivated. Vouchers cited: CHR 169808, CHR 169809
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 24)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 71) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9800 (BISH), Yuncker 9859 (BISH)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 12)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 13-14, 85) Naturalizing.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 13-14, 81)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced	St. John, H. (1987) (p. 38)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1973) (voucher ID: BISH 417493) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 29200) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 402105) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced invasive cultivated	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 90)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 7)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 157) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15631 Occasionally adventive.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 160383) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 7)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 456082) Taxon name on voucher: Melia azedarach L.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 7)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 157) Cited: Crosby.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced	Burkill, I. H. (1900) (p. 31)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 232)
Indonesia Indonesia	Irian Jaya (West Papua) (Indonesia) (western New Guinea Island)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Japan Ryukyu Islands	Ryukyu Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 232)
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 232)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 18)

Comments:  A problem species in Hawai‘i and some islands in French Polynesia (Mangareva, Akamaru, Taravai) (Meyer, 1998).

Common on Mangaia and also present on Rarotonga, Aitutaki, ‘Atiu, Ma‘uke and Miti‘aro, Cook Islands (Space & Flynn, 2002).

Invasive in South Africa.

Control:  The Nature Conservancy's Stewardship Abstract contains information on control methods.

Physical:  Hand-pull seedlings. Can be grazed by cattle.

Chemical:  Treatment with triclopyr (Randall & Marinelli, 1996).

"Triclopyr ester, 10% product in oil applied to basal bark or triclopyr amine applied to cut-surface provided excellent control; foliar application of triclopyr amine 1% product in high volume spraying provided good control"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Additional information:  Information from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).
The Nature Conservancy Stewardship Abstract.
Photos and additional information at University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants.
Fact sheet from "Common forest trees of Hawaii" (PDF format).
Information from the World Agroforestry Centre's AgroForestryTree Database.

Additional online information about Melia azedarach is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Melia azedarach may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 0. Voucher specimen #BISH 402105 (collector unknown; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1918. Voucher specimen #BISH 160401 (Nelson, P. 174).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1918. Voucher specimen #BISH 160402 (Nelson, P. 174).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1928. Voucher specimen #BISH 160372 (Graham, J. 1).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 160373 (Wilder, G.P. 922).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 160409 (Kanehira, R. 700).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1935. Voucher specimen #BISH 160405 (Takamatsu, M. 86).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 160406 (Takamatsu, M. 761).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 160407 (Takamatsu, M. 598).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 619153 (St.John, H. 19472).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 29200 (Griffen 10).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 160408 (Lessa, W.A. 30).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 160383 (Yuncker, T.G. 15631).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1954. Voucher specimen #BISH 160404 (Fosberg, F.R. 35629).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1961. Voucher specimen #BISH 15189 (Pillay, S. 12346).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1963. Voucher specimen #BISH 33433 (Vetewa, T. FD 546).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1973. Voucher specimen #BISH 417493 (Whistler, W.A. W 1048).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 417166 (Vodonaivalu, S. 18852).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 456082 (Kirch, P.V. 340).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 558115 (Graffe, R. 13).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 543900 (Florence, J. 6065).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 543901 (Florence, J. 6065).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 553654 (Florence, J. 5739).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 644234 (Florence 11261).

Burkill, I. H. 1900. The flora of Vavau, one of the Tonga Islands, with a short account of its vegetation by Charles Steele Crosby. Lin. Jour. Bot. 35:20-65.

Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

Doty, Maxwell S. 1954. Floristic and Ecological Notes on Raroia Atoll, Tuamotus. Land biota: vascular plants. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 33. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 41 pp.

Falanruw, Marjorie C./Maka, Jean E./Cole, Thomas G./Whitesell, Craig D. 1990. Common and scientific names of trees and shrubs of Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. Pac. SW Forest and Range Expt. Stn. Resource Bulletin PSW-67. 91 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.

Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe. 1996. Conséquences des introductions d'espèces animales et végétales sur la biodiversité en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 51:375-401.

Glassman, S. F. 1952. The flora of Ponape. Bishop Mus. Bull. 209: 1-152.

Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.

Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp.

Hughes, Guy D'Oyly. 1995. New Hawaiian plant records II. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1994. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 42:1-10.

Jérémie, J./Mabberley, D. J./Morat, Ph./Veillon, J. M./Hallé, N. 1988. Hernandiaceae, Meliaceae, Oncothecaceae, Santalaceae. Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et Dépendances. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Vol. 15, 155 pp.

Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.

Little, Elbert L./Skolmen, Roger G. 1989. Common forest trees of Hawaii (native and introduced). USDA Agriculture Handbook 679. Washington, D.C. 377 pp. + plates.

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

McCormack, Gerald. 2007. Cook Islands biodiversity and natural heritage. On-line database.

McMullen, C. K. 1999. Flowering plants of the Galápagos. Comstock Pub. Assoc., Ithaca, N.Y. 370 p.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 1998. Mécanismes et gestion des invasions biologiques par des plantes introduites dans des forêts naturales à Hawai‘i et Polynésie Française: une étude de cas [Mechanisms and management of biological invasions by alien plants in Hawaiian and French Polynesian natural forests: a case study]. Dèlégation à la Recherche, B.P. 20981 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie Française. Unpublished report.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2000. Preliminary review of the invasive plants in the Pacific islands (SPREP Member Countries). In: Sherley, G. (tech. ed.). Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Samoa. 190 pp.

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Motooka, Philip/Ching, Lincoln/Nagai, Guy. 2002. Herbicidal Weed Control Methods for Pasture and Natural Areas of Hawaii. Cooperative Extension Service, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i. CTAHR free publication WC-8.

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