L., Marsileaceae |
Present on Pacific Islands? no
Primarily a threat at high elevations? no
Common name(s): [more details]
English: European pepperwort, European waterclover |
French: fougere d'eau |
Japanese: denjiso |
Spanish: aigret, viola |
Habit: aquatic fern
Description: "Plants forming diffuse colonies. Rhizome 0.5-1.3 mm thick, reddish brown to black, sparsely hairy to glabrate, bearing short nodal shoots, nodal and internodal roots 0.2-0.3 mm thick, internodes 0.6-5 cm long; rhizome in water 0.9-2.0 mm thick, green, glabrous, aerenchymatous, internodes 4-12 cm long. Land leaves with terete petioles 5.4-16.5 cm long, 0.5-1.0 mm tick, leaflets 0.7-2.1 cm long, 0.6-1.9 cm wide, symmetrical, flabellate, glabrous or with a few non-overlapping hairs; floating leaves with terete petioles 14-30 cm long, 1.0-1.5 mm thick, leaflets 1.3-3 cm long, 1.2-3.1 cm wide; hydropoten irregularly distributed or absent. Fertile leaves produced on land (rarely in water) on long shoots or short shoots, bearing 1-3 sporocarps on a branched or unbranched peduncle attached 1-12 mm above petiole base; unbranched peduncle or ultimate branches of peduncle 3-16 mm long, common trunk of branched peduncle or ultimate branches of peduncle 3-16 mm long, common trunk of branched peduncle 1-4 mm long (rarely 2-3 unbranched peduncles attached separately to the same petiole). Sporocarps 4.0-5.6 mm long, 3.1-4.0 mm wide, 2.3-2.8 mm thick, rounded, oval, or elliptical in lateral view, elliptical to nearly round in cross section, dark brown to black, hairy but soon glabrate; raphe 1.4-1.9 mm long, inferior tooth usually absent, superior tooth absent or 0.1-0.2 mm long, acute; sporocarp veins ca 20, forking halfway from median vein, the branches anastomosing just before the tips or free. Sori 10-17 per sporocarp, borne on a sorophore with a free, acute tip, ca 12 microsporangia and 3-7 megasporangia per sorus; microspores ca 43 per sporangium, 56-61 μm in diameter; megaspores 560-610 μm long, 355 μm wide, with an apical papilla 60 long" (Johnson, 1986; pp. 35-39).
Habitat/ecology: "A major weed of paddy fields and a troublemaker in ponds, lakes and irrigation systems. It frequents paddy crops and warm, shallow, muddy edges of fresh water ponds" (Holm et al., 1997; pp. 455, 457).
In North America, "found in ponds, river backwaters, and marshes, where it occurs from the shores out to a depth of ca 0.5 m" (Johnson, 1986; pp. 35-39).
Propagation: Spores and possibly by birds or dispersal by flowing water (Johnson, 1986; pp. 35-39). "Vegetatively by means of creeping rhizomes or following dispersal and establishment of rhizome fragments" (Holm et al., 1997; p. 458).
Native range: Europe; also cultivated and naturalized elsewhere (GRIN).
Presence:
Pacific | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Philippines
Philippine Islands |
Philippine Islands |
introduced
invasive |
Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 67, 78) |
Pacific Rim | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Queensland | Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 455) | |
Cambodia
Cambodia |
Cambodia (Kingdom of) |
introduced
invasive |
Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 67, 78) |
China
China |
China (People's Republic of) | Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 455) | |
Indonesia
Indonesia |
Indonesia (Republic of) |
introduced
invasive |
Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 67, 78) |
Japan
Japan |
Japan | Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 455) | |
South Korea
South Korea |
South Korea (Republic of) | Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 455) | |
Malaysia
Malaysia |
Malaysia (country of) |
introduced
invasive |
Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 67, 78) |
Mexico
Mexico |
Mexico (United Mexican States) | Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 455) | |
South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Colombia | Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 455) | |
Taiwan
Taiwan Island |
Taiwan Island | Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 455) | |
Thailand
Thailand |
Thailand (Kingdom of) |
introduced
invasive |
Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 67, 78) |
Vietnam
Vietnam |
Vietnam (Socialist Republic of) |
introduced
invasive |
Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 67, 78) |
Control: If you know of control methods for Marsilea quadrifolia, please let us know.