Manihot glaziovii Müll.Arg., Euphorbiaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 8 (Go to the risk assessment).

Other Latin names:  Manihot carthagenensis (Jacq.) Müll. Arg. subsp. glaziovii

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: mu shu jiao

English: Ceará rubber tree

French: caoutchoutier de Ceará

Spanish: caucho blanco, cauchotero de Ceará

Habit:  tree

Description:  "A small tree, usually 10 meters high or less, with a dense crown, glabrous throughout or nearly so; leaves long-petiolate, membranaceous, green above, glaucous beneath, peltate shortly above the base, deeply 3-5-lobate, about 12 cm long and 16 cm wide, the lobes oblong-obovate or elliptic, rounded, to abruptly short-acuminate at the apex; stipules 4-6 mm long, lance-ovate, acute, denticulate; panicles 7-9 cm long, broadly pyramidal, the bracts 2.5 mm long, lanceolate, the pedicels about 1 cm long, the flowers nutant; calyx glabrous, campanulate, the staminate 5-fid, 9 mm long, green tinged with violet; pistillate calyx 5-parted, 1 cm long; capsule globose, 2 cm in diameter, not winged; seeds 1.5 cm long, 1 cm wide, gray mottled with brown" (Standley & Steyermark, 1949; p. 187).

"Glabrous trees 8-12 m tall. Leaves peltate, lower surface glaucous, 8-20 (-30) cm long, nearly as wide, palmately 3-5-lobed, the lobes obovate to broadly elliptic, margins entire, petioles 10-25 cm long.  Calyx greenish externally, dark purple within at base, yellowish toward apex, 1.5-1.8 cm long.  Capsules subglobose, 2-2.3 cm long, the surface warty" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 625).

Habitat/ecology:  In Hawai‘i, "sparingly naturalized in moist to wet, disturbed areas in mesic to wet forest, 150-300 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 625). In New Caledonia, "arbre 20 m, envahissant et dominant en forêt secondaire" (MacKee, 1994; p. 53).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  Brazil (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 625).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 142)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 142)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced cultivated	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 384) Present status unknown.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 142)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 625) Sparingly naturalized.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 625) Sparingly naturalized.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 625) Sparingly naturalized.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 625) Voucher cited: Garber 29 (BISH) Sparingly naturalized.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 53) Vouchers cited: Pancher s.n., Baudouin 365 s.loc., MacKee 38013, MacKee 43927 Spontané
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced cultivated	Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (p. 450) Occasional in cultivation.

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) Cultivated. S. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan.

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 119) Naturalized in disturbed marginal rainforest.

Comments:  Reported to be invasive in Singapore (Pallawatta et al., 2003; p. 89).

Additional information:
Information from the World Agroforestry Centre's AgroForestryTree Database.

Additional online information about Manihot glaziovii is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Manihot glaziovii as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Manihot glaziovii may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

Merrill, Elmer D. 1923. An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants, vol. 2 [reprint]. Bureau of Printing, Manila. 530 pp.

Pallawatta, Nirmalie/Reaser, Jamie K./Gutierrez, Alixis T./eds. 2003. Invasive alien species in south-southeast Asia: national reports and directory of resources. Global Invasive Species Programme. 111 pp.

Standley, Paul C./Steyermark, Julian A. 1949. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana: Botany. Vol. 24, Part VI. Chicago Natural History Museum. 440 pp.

Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.

Swarbrick, J. T. 1997. Environmental weeds and exotic plants on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean: a report to Parks Australia. 101 pp. plus appendix.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong. 2011. Flora of China (online resource).