Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H.Raven, Onagraceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Jussiaea erecta sensu various authors.; Jussiaea suffruticosa L.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chuukese: aieö, aieo, eeo, éwúnenipwin, yeeyo

English: false primrose, primrose willow, swamp primrose, water primrose, willow primrose, yellow willow herb

French: faux primerose, gandia narron, herbe bourrique, herbe la mare

Hawaiian: alohalua, kāmole, kāmole lau li‘i, kāmole lau nui

I-Kiribati: te mam

Japanese: kidachikinbai

Kwara‘ae: mamafu‘ai

Maori (Cook Islands): pitōrea, pītōrea, pītōrea, pulūmu, tīemu, tiēmu, tiēmu

Marshallese: utilolõb, utilolôb, wut i lurlep

Palauan: erur

Pukapukan: pulūmu

Samoan: fua samasama, laavai, mautofu vao

Spanish: calavo cimmaron, clavo silvestre, flor de clavo

Tahitian: pītōrea, ra‘au papa‘a, torea

Yapese: mathey, meseii

Habit:  herb

Description:  "An erect, stout, well-branched, robust herb of damp or flooded areas, may be woody at the base and shrubby at times, to 4 m, annual or perennial, with long stiff hairs sometimes appressed and oriented in one direction; stems may be red-brown and lignified at base; leaves alternate, light green, may turn red upon aging, narrowly lanceolate to ovate, up to 15 cm long, 4 to 40 mm wide, densely pubescent both sides, attenuate at base and apex, 12 to 22 veins each side of midrib, short petiole; sepals 4, ovate or lanceolate, 8 to 13 mm long by 1 to 7.5 mm wide; flowers solitary in axils of leaves and at terminals; petals 4, pale to bright yellow, 1 to 2 long and 4 to 17 mm wide, broadly ovate and may be emarginate at apex; sepals 4, 8, to 15 cm; stamens 8, filaments 1 to 4 mm long; anthers 1 to 4 mm long, white, hairy, sunken nectary surrounding base of each epipetalous (and shorter) stamen; style 1.5 to 3.5 mm long with stigma subglobulose and shallowly 4-lobed; fruit a thin-walled, 4-angled, narrowly cylindrical, 8-ribbed capsule, 3 to 5 cm long, 2 to 8 mm in diameter, pubescent, irregularly loculicidal, terminated by persistent calyx lobes, color by vary from green to pale or reddish brown, or purplish, pedicel up to 1 cm; seeds rounded, beaked, in several indistinct rows in each locule, free, each with inflated raphe equal in size to body of seed, 0.6 to 0.75 mm in size, brown.  L. octovalvis differs from L. adscendens by its more erect habit and larger, lanceolate leaves that are somewhat acute"  (Holm et al., 1997; pp. 446, 448).

"Branching herb 1-2 (-4) m tall, subglabrous or faintly puberulent; leaves linear to narrowly ovate, to 14 cm long and 4 cm wide, acuminate or acute, cuneate at base; lateral nerves 11-20 pairs; petioles to 1 cm long; sepals 4, up to 1.5 cm long, ovate-lanceolate; petals 4, yellow, obovate, to 1.5 cm long; stamens 8, unequal, 1-4 mm (excl. anthers); capsule 1.7-4.5 cm long, 2-8 mm thick, 8-ribbed; seeds all alike 0.6-0.75 mm long"  (Stone, 1970; p. 457).

Habitat/ecology:  "It frequents a very wide range of humid, wet places and is found in marshes, fresh water lakes and streams, ditch banks of all kinds, along railroads, and on gravelly riverbeds and sandy or silty flood banks.  It is found in paddy rice over much of the world and grows in damp, occasionally flooded grasslands.  It may be seen on floating logs and it helps to colonize floating islands in lakes.  It is found at sea level, up to 1000 m in the Celebes and in Indonesia, and up to 1400 m in New Guinea" (Holm et al., 1997; p. 448).

Moist locations up to 1500 m (Stone, 1970; p. 457).  In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in ponds, along streams and ditches, and in wet forest, 0-1,050 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 998).  In Fiji, from near sea level to 800 m, often as an abundant weed in coconut plantations, canefields, ricefields, pastures and along roadsides (Smith, 1985; pp. 379-381).  "Common in waste places and croplands, particularly in wet soil" (Whistler, 1988; p. 31). In New Guinea, "a plant of wet places; streamsides, ditches, and often a weed of pastures. From low altitudes to about 2000 m" (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p. 130); "in humid cultivated or disturbed land, grassland and near water.  It is widespread in the lowlands and up to c. 3000 m altitude"  (Conn, 1995; p. 210).

Propagation:  "Reproduces by seed and may also occupy new areas by sending out runners and rhizomes" (Holm et al., 1997; p. 448).  "The seed is buoyant and may be dispersed by water" (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p. 130).

Native range:  Pantropical, perhaps an early introduction to Hawai‘i and other Pacific islands. Fosberg et al. (1979; p. 195) list as native to Micronesia.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 161)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 161)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Garber 1091
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 161)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9294
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1983) (p. 13) Vouchers cited: Whistler 3415, Bryan 927, Diefenderfer 10
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Aunu‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 161)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 94)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 161)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Anon. (1988) (p. 2)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Nassau Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Pukapuka Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Rakahanga Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Palmerston (Avarau) Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Losap Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Murilo (Mwiriné) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll		Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. (1975) (p. 42) Voucher cited: Marshall 80 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namonuito (Namonweito, Nómwun Wiité) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Nomwin (Nómwiin) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	native	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 54) Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 136 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 63)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Ant Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Kapingamarangi Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Mokil Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pingelap Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 58) Vouchers cited: Glassman 2422 (US), Kanehira 689 (NY)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Faraulep (Faraulap) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Lamotrek Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 379-381) Voucher cited: ssp. sessiliflora: Garnock-Jones 925
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 379-381) Voucher cited: ssp. octovalvis: Smith 7494
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 379-381) Vouchers cited: ssp. octovalvis: DA 8896; ssp. sessiliflora: DA 8896
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 379-381) Vouchers cited: ssp. octovalvis: DA 1097, DA 1105, Smith 6884,Greenwood 587, DA 11775
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 379-381) Voucher cited: ssp. sessiliflora: Smith 1406
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 379-381)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	native	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	native	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Mohotani (Mohotane, Mohotane) Island	native	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	native	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	native	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	native	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	native	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (pp. 209-210)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (pp. 53-54) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 64756 (US), Fosberg & Sachet 64963
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (pp. 209-210)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (pp. 209-210) Vouchers cited: Moore 39, BRY 25370
French Polynesia Society Islands	Society Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 94)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (pp. 209-210)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (pp. 209-210)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai (Tubai) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (pp. 209-210)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai (Tubai) Island	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 21) Voucher cited: Sachet 1986 (US)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 457) Vouchers cited: Stone 4925 (GUAM), Stone 5022 (GUAM), Moore 178
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 998)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 998)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 998)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 998)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 998)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 998)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007) Subsp. octovalvis
Kiribati Line Islands	Teraina (Washington) Island	native	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 28)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 76) Voucher: Imada 2003-157 (BISH 697768) Naturalized
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 77) Naturalized
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Onotoa Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Onotoa Atoll		Moul, Edwin T. (1957) (p. 18) Voucher cited: Moul 8209 (US)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 74) Naturalized
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	probably native	Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 31)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	probably introduced invasive abo. intro.	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2006) (p. 10) "Common to locally abundant; in ruderal and some disturbed wetland areas, sometimes becoming dominant".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Anderson, Donald (1951) (p. iv) Voucher cited: Anderson 3629
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 10) "Rare; only observed in taro patch near B&B, possibly present though in other wetland areas of other islands".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	possibly introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 16) Voucher cited: Fosberg 33853 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 113)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive	St. John, Harold (1951) (p. 284)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Maloelap Atoll		Vander Velde, Nancy (year unknown)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 178) Voucher cited: Scully 150 (US)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 94)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	native	Jaffré, T./Morat, P./Veillon, J-M./Rigault, F./Dagostini, G. (2001) (p. 77)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1970) (voucher ID: BNM 584) Taxon name on voucher: Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 102)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1981) (voucher ID: BNM 3044) Taxon name on voucher: Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 98)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1967) (voucher ID: BNM 586) Taxon name on voucher: Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1968) (voucher ID: BNM 99999998) Taxon name on voucher: Ludwigia octovalvis L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 98)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 195)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 98)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 106)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1968) (voucher ID: BNM 583) Taxon name on voucher: Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	introduced invasive	Henty, E. E./Pritchard, G. H. (1975) (p. 130)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 62)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	native	Conn, Barry J., ed. (1995) (p. 210)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 31)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 94)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 87)
Tokelau Tokelau Islands	Tokelau Islands		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 63)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 53) Voucher cited: Ilolahia 115
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Nui Atoll		Woodroffe, C. D. (1985) (p. 14) Voucher cited: Woodroffe 148 (CHR)
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Tuvalu Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 94)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Palmyra Atoll	Palmyra Atoll	native	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 28)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 94)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced cultivated	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (p. 36)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 31)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 449)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 66, 78)
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	uncertain if native	Lavergne, Christophe (2006) "Envahissant (indigène?)"
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Cousin Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 30) Voucher cited: Fosberg 52116 (US)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)

Additional information:
Additional online information about Ludwigia octovalvis is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Ludwigia octovalvis as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Ludwigia octovalvis may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

Other Latin names:  Jussiaea erecta sensu various authors.; Jussiaea suffruticosa L.

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