Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill., Plantaginaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  no

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  yes

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 17 (Go to the risk assessment)

Other Latin names:  Antirrhinum dalmaticum L.; Linaria genistifolia subsp. dalmatica (L.) Maire & Petitm.

Common name(s): [more details]

English: Balkan toadflax, broadleaf toadflax, Dalmatian toadflax

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Dalmatian toadflax is a short-lived, perennial herb that can grow 3.9 ft. (1.2 m) tall. Leaves are sessile, alternate, entire, 1.2-2.4 in (3-6 cm) long and bluish-green. Flowering occurs in May-September, when bright yellow, snapdragon-like flowers develop. Flowers, including the spur, are 1.4-2 in. (3.5-5 cm) long and occur in racemes at the apex of the stems. Fruits are capsules that are 0.1-0.3 in. (3-7 mm) long. Each capsule contains numerous small, black-brown, ridged seeds."  (Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States).

Habitat/ecology:  In the United States, "plants occur in fields, pastures, roadsides and rangelands"  (Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  Southeastern Europe, Turkey, Iran (GRIN).

Presence:

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Canada Province of British Columbia	Canada (British Columbia)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2011)
Canada Canada	Canada (country)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2011)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 189)
United States (west coast) United States (west coast states)	USA (Oregon)	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2011)
United States (west coast) United States (west coast states)	USA (California)	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2011)
United States (west coast) United States (west coast states)	USA (Washington)	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2011)

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	United States (other states)	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2011)

Additional information:
Fact sheet from Colorado State University Extension (PDF format).
Fact sheet from the University of Alaska (PDF format).
Fact sheet from New Mexico State University (PDF format).
Fact sheet from the U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service (PDF format).
"Integrated weed management of dalmation toadflax (Linaria dalmatica)" from the Douglas Co. Weed Division, Castle Rock, Colorado (PDF format).

Additional online information about Linaria dalmatica is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Linaria dalmatica as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Linaria dalmatica may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro. 2004. Invasive alien species in Japan: the status quo and the new regulation for prevention of their adverse effects. Global Environmental Research 8(2)/2004: 171-191.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. 2011. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health. 2011. Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States (online resource).