Ligustrum lucidum W. T. Aiton, Oleaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results: 

Reject, score: 11 (Go to the risk assessment (Australia))
Evaluate, score: 6 (Go to the risk assessment (Pacific))

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: nu zhen

English: broadleaf privet, Chinese privet, Chinese wax-leaf privet, glossy privet, large-leaf privet, ligustrum, ligustrum privet, tree privet, white waxtree

French: troène de Chine

Spanish: ligustro, trueno

Habit:  shrub/tree

Description:  "Shrubs or trees to 25 m, evergreen or deciduous, glabrous. Branchlets terete. Petiole 1-3 cm; leaf blade ovate to sometimes broadly elliptic or elliptic to lanceolate, 6-17 x 3-8 cm, leathery or papery, base rounded or sometimes attenuate, apex acute to acuminate or sometimes obtuse; primary veins 4-11 on each side of midrib, slightly raised or obscure. Panicles terminal, 8-20 x 8-25 cm; rachis angular in fruit. Flowers sessile or nearly so. Calyx 1.5-2 mm. Corolla 4-5 mm; tube ca. as long as lobes. Stamens approaching apex of corolla lobes; anthers 1-1.5 mm. Fruit deep blue-black, ripening red-black, reniform or nearly so, 7-10 x 4-6 mm"  (Flora of China online).

Habitat/ecology:  "Forests and forest edges, coastal cliffs.  It is a shade tolerant species that can invade closed forests wherever gaps occur.  Once established, it persists and forms dense understorey thickets that smother the native ground flora, shrubs and trees"  (Weber, 2003; p. 236).  Privets are extremely aggressive and can form dense, impenetrable thickets that crowd out desirable plants. They are prolific seed producers.  "Seeks out the more fertile soils of gullies, creeklines and rainforest edges, and watercourses affected by urban runoff; shades out native plants, transforms the habitat into one dominated by weeds"  (Weeds of Blue Mountains bushland). 

In Australia, Ligustrum lucidum is an invasive species in coastal rainforest  (Csurhes & Edwards, 1998; p. 174).  In New Zealand, "naturalised extensively in waste places, margins of remnant forest stands, coastal cliffs, and gardens"  (Webb et al., 1988; p. 879).

Propagation:  Seed. Seeds are distributed by frugiferous birds (Carr et al., 1992, cited in Csurhes & Edwards, Smith, 1991; pp. 238-239).  "It is also washed down waterways, producing prodigious numbers of rapidly-growing seedlings"  (Weeds of Blue Mountains bushland).

Native range:  China; widely cultivated, naturalized in southern Africa, temperate Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and southern South America (GRIN).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced cultivated	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 9) "A native of western and southern China which has escaped from cultivation and has proved a serious weed in some places". Voucher cited: W.R. Sykes NI 617 (CHR)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Staples, George W./Imada, Clyde T./Herbst, Derral R. (2003) (p. 16) Voucher cited: T. Motley, W. Char, B. Pang & C. Imada 1001 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island		Bishop Museum (U.S.A. Hawaii. Honolulu.) (1995) (voucher ID: BISH 645399) Taxon name on voucher: Ligustrum lucidum Aiton f.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island		Bishop Museum (U.S.A. Hawaii. Honolulu.) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 770411) Taxon name on voucher: Ligustrum lucidum Aiton f.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 108) Voucher cited: MacKee 37698 (cult.)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Australia Australia (continental)	New South Wales	introduced invasive cultivated	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 174)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive cultivated	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 174)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
China China	Hong Kong	native cultivated	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 243)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 187)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Owen, S. J. (1997)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive cultivated	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 879)
United States (west coast) United States (west coast states)	USA (California)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2011)

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	United States (other states)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2011)
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	USA (Florida)	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2011)

Control:  Information on control of Ligustrum spp. from the Bugwood Wiki.
Fact sheet from the Bay of Plenty Regional Council, New Zealand, with control information.

Physical: Small plants may be hand pulled; older individuals need to be dug out.

Chemical:  "1. Cut and paint stump (within 15 minutes of cutting): glyphosate (200ml/L) or metsulfuron-methyl 600g/kg (5g/10L + penetrant) or Tordon Brushkiller (200ml/L)
2. Frilling:  With a sharp chisel or axe, make a deep cut into the sapwood at regular intervals around the base of the tree, taking care not to ring-bark the plant.  Immediately saturate the cuts with metsulfuron-methyl 600 g/kg (5g/10L + penetrant) or undiluted Tordon Brushkiller.
3. Injection method: Holes are drilled sloping into the sapwood at regular intervals around the tree. Immediately saturate the holes with metsulfuron-methyl 600 g/kg (5g/10L + penetrant) or undiluted Tordon Brushkiller).
4. Spray (spring-autumn): metsulfuron-methyl 600g/kg (5g/10L + penetrant)."  (Weedbusters New Zealand).

Additional information:
Report (PDF format) from US Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Haleakala Field Station, Hawaii "Plants of Hawaii".
Information on the Environment Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, web site.
Information on Ligustrum lucidum from the Global Invasive Species Database.
Information on Ligustrum lucidum from the publication "Nonnative invasive plants of Southern forests: A field guide for identification and control".
Information on Ligustrum spp. from the Bugwood Wiki.
Fact sheet, including control information, from the Bay of Plenty Regional Council, New Zealand.
Fact sheet from the Government of Queensland, Australia (PDF format).
Information and photos at Weeds of Blue Mountains bushland.
Information sheet from Weedbusters New Zealand.

Additional online information about Ligustrum lucidum is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Ligustrum lucidum as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Ligustrum lucidum may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Bishop Museum (U.S.A. Hawaii. Honolulu.). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH770411(Corn, C. s.n.).

Bishop Museum (U.S.A. Hawaii. Honolulu.). 1995. Voucher specimen #BISH645399(Lorence, D.H. 7636).

Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. 1998. Potential environmental weeds in Australia: Candidate species for preventative control. Canberra, Australia. Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia. 208 pp.

Harley, Barbara. 2009. Weeds of Blue Mountains bushland. (online resource).

IUCN Species Survival Commission, Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG). 2008. Global Invasive Species Database (online resource).

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro. 2004. Invasive alien species in Japan: the status quo and the new regulation for prevention of their adverse effects. Global Environmental Research 8(2)/2004: 171-191.

Orchard, Anthony E., ed. 1994. Flora of Australia. Vol. 49, Oceanic islands 1. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Owen, S. J. 1997. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: A database. Working draft. Wellington, New Zealand. Department of Conservation.

Staples, George W./Imada, Clyde T./Herbst, Derral R. 2003. New Hawaiian plant records for 2001. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2001-2002. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 74:7-21.

U. S. Government. 2011. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) (on-line resource).

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. 2011. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. 1988. Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch. 1365 pp.

Weber, Ewald. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 548 pp.

Wu, Te-lin. 2001. Check List of Hong Kong Plants. Hong Kong Herbarium and the South China Institute of Botany. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department Bulletin 1 (revised). 384 pp.

Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong. 2011. Flora of China (online resource).