Leucojum aestivum L., Amaryllidaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Common name(s): [more details]

English: loddon-lily, snowflake, summer snowflake

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Plants to 30-60 cm; bulb 2-4 x 2-3 (-4) cm. Leaves: sheaths 3-6 mm, membranous; blade deep green, linear to ligulate, 30-50 (-70) x 0.5-2 cm, apex obtuse, glossy, well developed at anthesis. Scape stout, hollow, 2-winged, compressed, (20-) 30-60 cm. Spathe bract solitary, fused, green, lanceolate, 3-5 cm. Flowers: tepals white with yellowish green spot near apex, broadly ovate, (10-) 13-22 x 10-12 mm; filaments white, slender, 2-5 mm; anthers 5-6 mm; ovary oblong-ovate, 6-10 x5-8 mm; style clavate, 5-10 mm, exceeding stamens; stigma truncate, inconspicuous; pedicel 2.5-7 cm, longest equaling or exceeding spathe. Seeds black, 5-7 mm; coat loose, with air pockets at each end"  (Flora of North America online).

Habitat/ecology:  In the United States, "roadsides, fields, waste places; 0-500 m"  (Flora of North America online).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  Europe and western Asia, cultivated and sometimes naturalized elsewhere (GRIN).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Chile (offshore islands) Juan Fernández Islands	Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island)	introduced invasive	Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John (2011)
Chile (offshore islands) Juan Fernández Islands	Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island)	introduced invasive cultivated	Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido (2006) (pp. 489, 535, 555) Voucher cited: Danton I(5/142)1340. "En RC, está presente desde hace mucho tiempo y en via de naturalización en el pueblo de San Juan Bautista".
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island		Bishop Museum (U.S.A. Hawaii. Honolulu.) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 511515) Taxon name on voucher: Leucojum aestivum L.

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	New South Wales	introduced invasive cultivated	National Herbarium of New South Wales (2011) "Often cultivated, sometimes persisting around old homesteads and near habitation".
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Healy, A. J./Edgar, E. (1980) (p. 70)
United States (west coast) United States (west coast states)	USA (Oregon)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2011)
United States (west coast) United States (west coast states)	USA (California)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2011)

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	United States (other states)	introduced	Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. (2011)

Additional information:
Additional online information about Leucojum aestivum is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Leucojum aestivum as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Leucojum aestivum may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John. 2011. Naturalized species in the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile. Unpublished spreadsheet.

Bishop Museum (U.S.A. Hawaii. Honolulu.). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH511515(Plews, J. s.n.).

Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido. 2006. Nouveau catalogue de la flore vaculaire de l'archipel Juan Fernández (Chile) [Nuevo catálogo de la flora vacular del Archipélago Juan Fernández (Chile)]. Acta Bot. Gallica 153(4):399-587.

Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 2011. Flora of North America North of Mexico (online edition).

Healy, A. J./Edgar, E. 1980. Flora of New Zealand, Volume III: Adventive cyperaceous, petalous & spathaceous monocotyledons. Government Printer, Wellington, New Zealand. 220 pp.

National Herbarium of New South Wales. 2011. PlantNet: New South Wales Flora online. The Plant Information Network System of the Botanic Gardens Trust Version 2.0. Online resource.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. 2011. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.