Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, Fabaceae

Click on an image for links to BIGGER PICTURES

Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results: 

Reject, score: 11 (Go to the risk assessment (Australia)).
High risk, score: 15 (Go to the risk assessment (Pacific)).
Reject, score: 21 (Go to the risk assessment (U.S.)).
Reject, score: 21 (Go to the risk assessment (U.S. (Florida))).
Risk assessment from the Government of Queensland, Australia (PDF format).
Leucaena leucocephala cv. 'KX2-Hawaii' ((L. pallida x L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata):  Evaluate, score: 3 (Go to the risk assessment (Pacific)).
Leucaena leucocephala cv. 'Wondergraze' (( L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata):  High risk, score: 7 (Go to the risk assessment (Pacific)).
Leucaena leucocephala var. 'Tarramba':  High risk, score: 10 (Go to the risk assessment (Pacific)).

Other Latin names:  Leucaena glauca (L. ex Willd.) Benth.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chamorro: talntangan, tangan-tangan, tangantangan, tangantangan

Chinese: yin he huan

English: coffee bush, false koa, hedge acacia, horse tamarind, jumbay, jumbie bean, lead tree, leucaena, white popinac, wild mimosa, wild tamarind

Fijian: vaivai, vaivai dina, vaivai ni vavalangi

French: cassi, faux acacia, faux mimosa, graines de lin, l'acacie, mimosa, tamarin cheval

Hawaiian: ēkoa, haole koa, koa haole, lilikoa

Hindi: balori

I-Kiribati: te kai tetua, te kaitetua

Kosraean: rohbohtin, tuhngantuhngan

Maori (Cook Islands): mara‘inu, marainu, nītō

Marquesan: atiku

Marshallese: tangan tangan, tangan-tangan

Nauruan: bin

Niuean: pepe, tavahi kaku

Other: cassis, namas

Palauan: tangutang, telengtungd, telentund

Pohnpeian: dangandangan, tangantangan

Rapa Nui: kete kete

Rotuman: lepolepo, lipolipo

Samoan: fua pepe, fua pepe, lopa Samoa, lusina, lusina

Spanish: guaje, huaxin, ipel ipel, tamarindo silvestre, uaxim

Tongan: siale mohemohe

Yapese: ganitnityuwan, tangantan

Habit:  tree

Description:  "Shrub or small tree, up to 5 (rarely 10) m tall; leaves bipinnate, to 25 cm long; pinnae about 5 (4-9) pairs, up to 8-10 cm long; leaflets about 12 (11-17) pairs, about (7-) 9-12 mm long, 2-3.5 (-4) mm wide, opposite, lanceolate, acute; somewhat dull, grayish-green; flowers in globose, pedunculate heads, to nearly 3 cm thick; peduncles to 5-6 cm long; corolla and stamens white; calyx 2.5 mm long; petals linear; stamens 10, nearly 1 cm long, anthers hairy; ovary faintly pubescent at apex; pods clustered, linear, flat, 10-15 (-20) cm long, 1.8-2 cm wide, dark brown, beaked at apex, with about 20 (1825) seeds, these glossy brown, oval-oblong, flat, 6 mm long" (Stone, 1970; pp. 299-300).

"Petit arbre entre 2 et 6 m de hauteur, pouvant dépasser 10 m, reconnaissable à ses feuilles bipennées, ses inflorescences (glomérules) de petites fleurs blanches, ses gousses brunes, applaties et pendantes" (Meyer, 2008; p. 24).

Habitat/ecology:  "Coastal heath- and scrubland.  This palnt is evergreen unless moisture is limited seasonally.  The shrub forms extensive and dense thickets displacing the original vegetation and reducing species richness.  The tree is deep-rooted and the taproot may grow rapidly, e.g. more than 2 m in 1-year-old plants.  It is a nitrogen-fixing species that increases soil fertility levels"  (Weber, 2003; p. 234).  "This thornless tree forms dense thickets, excluding all plants. It is grown for fodder, but unless severely grazed or controlled, it spreads rampantly throughout adjacent areas" (C.W. Smith, 1985; p. 193).  Generally favors limestone soils (although seems to do well on volcanic soils on Tahiti) and disturbed areas and is found in dry to mesic habitats up to 700 m.  It was deliberately broadcast on several war-disturbed islands after World War II. It also grows in severely disturbed wet areas but not as a dominant species. 

In Fiji, "abundantly naturalized from near sea level to about 800 m along roadsides, in cultivated areas and in pastures, on dry river banks or open gravel banks in forest, often forming dense thickets"  (A.C. Smith, 1985; pp. 63-65).  In Hawai‘i, "naturalized and very common, sometimes forming the dominant element of the vegetation, in low elevation, dry, disturbed habitats, 0-350m" (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 679-680). In New Caledonia, "couvre en fourrés denses monospécifiques des superficies importantes notamment sur la côte Ouest en régions sédimentaires ou basaltiques. Bien que riche en protéines son rôle comme fourrage n'est pas très important. Par contre, il a une valeur réelle contre l'érosion et en améliorant le sol. Il est peu commun en terrain serpentineux, où il reste rabougri et mal venu" (MacKee, 1994; p. 78). "Couvre en fourrés denses monospécifiques des superficies importantes en régions sédimentaires ou basaltiques, notamment sur la côte Ouest où avec la savane à niaoulis ils constituent l'essentiel du paysage" (Gargominy et al., 1996; p. 381).

Propagation:  Prolific seed producer.  It grows easily from seeds.  The seeds are dispersed by rodents and granivorous birds and can also be spread in cattle manure. It regrows from cut stumps and it can be grown from cuttings. It regenerates rapidly from basal shoots after fire.  New seedlings often rapidly re-establish stands after fire or other disturbance (C.W. Smith, 1985; p. 193).

Native range:  Tropical America, but through introductions now virtually pan-tropical. Widely planted and seeded in the Pacific region.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 5)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 160)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) (p. 6) Vouchers cited: Whistler 3483, Whistler 3792
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island	introduced	Ragone, Diane/Lorence, David H. (2003) (p. 51)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 430475) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 35369) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 5)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 160)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 5)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 160)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) (p. 6) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9108
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 41) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9108 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 154883) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Gillis & Stearn
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 5)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 160)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 154882) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Gillis & Stearn
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced invasive	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 173)
Chile (offshore islands) Rapa Nui (Easter) Island	Rapa Nui (Easter) Island (Isla de Pasqua)	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2008) (pp. 24, 29) "Nous avons observée des petites populations ou des individus isolés (Hanga Roa, Anakena, Rano Kau) et des fourrés denses en bordure de route (Mataveri, dans la zone clôturée autour de l’aéroport). L’espèce serait contrôlée par le surpâturage et pourrait exploser avec la diminution del‘élevage (Butaud, 2005)" (Meyer, 2008; p. 24).
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 28) Voucher cited: Falanruw 2188 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Aguijan (Agiguan, Aguihan) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1952) (voucher ID: BISH 154907) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena glauca
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Farallon de Medinilla (Marpi, Medinilla) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 646901) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena glauca
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 28) Voucher cited: Moore 339 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1977) (p. 29) Voucher cited: Falanruw 3015 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 154910) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena glauca
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 660316) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 101)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 154912) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena glauca
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 154913) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena glauca
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 28) Voucher cited: Evans 2407 (US, BISH, Fo, NY)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 659793) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1966) (voucher ID: PTBG 23142) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1952) (voucher ID: BISH 154908) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena glauca
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 154911) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena glauca
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 7)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 7)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 7)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 88)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 7)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 154892) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) ssp. glabrata
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Isabela Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) ssp. glabrata
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Sierra Negra, Isabela Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) ssp. glabrata
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) ssp. glabrata
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) ssp. glabrata
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 28)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 154920) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 28)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 28)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1965) (voucher ID: PTBG 23991) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 90)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 17) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 63)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 154918) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 90)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 78) Voucher cited: Glassman 2771 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 94) Vouchers cited: M.J. Balick 3901 (NY), S.F. Glassman 2771 (BISH) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 154919) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1969) (p. 8) Voucher cited: Fosberg 46922 (US) One seedling found in forest.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 90)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1948) (voucher ID: BISH 154914) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena glauca
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 154915) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena glauca
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 659792) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 63-65) Voucher cited: Smith 252
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1933) (voucher ID: BISH 154925) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Fiji Fiji Islands	Koro Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 63-65) Voucher cited: Smith 1027
Fiji Fiji Islands	Koro Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 154924) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 63-65) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 942
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 618749) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 63-65) Voucher cited: Gillespie 4691
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1928) (voucher ID: BISH 154922) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 63-65) Vouchers cited: Tothill 131a, DA 10520, DA 10759
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1925) (voucher ID: BISH 154923) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 63-65) Voucher cited: DA 10214
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 63-65) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 215, Smith 4730, Smith 6041, DA 11324, Smith 9062, Damanu 44, Greenwood 215A, DA 11912, DA 9947, Seeman 141, DA 12234
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1960) (voucher ID: BISH 14450) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1959) (voucher ID: BISH 32858) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1960) (voucher ID: BISH 32859) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 154926) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 154928) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1940) (voucher ID: BISH 154929) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 154930) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Fiji Fiji Islands	Yasawas Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 63-65) Voucher cited: St. John 18079
Fiji Fiji Islands	Yasawas Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1937) (voucher ID: BISH 154927) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J.-C. Thibault 1008 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 601634) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 4192 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 555118) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 41005) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 12025 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 658471) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 154)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence & R. Tahuaitu 11738 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 154) Voucher cited: BRY 25429
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 37) Voucher cited: Fosberg 64858 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 614930) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 154)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 28) Voucher cited: Sachet 920 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: M.-H. Sachet 920 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 154)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 3494 (PAP) Naturalisée, Menace pour la biodiversité
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491659) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 154) Vouchers cited: BRY 24844, BRY 25990
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 2284 (PAP) Naturalisée. Menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 493012) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	introduced cultivated	Sachet, M.-H./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 64)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 154)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai Island	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 18) Voucher cited: Sachet 1988 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: M.-H. Sachet 1988 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Fangataufa (Ahunui) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 664030) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 2994 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 492823) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 493282) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10148 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 633864) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Rangiroa (Rairoa) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: M.-H. Sachet 1355 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raro‘ia Atoll	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves/Fourdrigniez, Marie (2008) (p. 14)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikehau (Tikahau) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 7009 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 5747 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 6168 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 552835) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (pp. 299-300)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 95)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 22998) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1918) (voucher ID: BISH 154902) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena glauca
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1911) (voucher ID: BISH 154903) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena glauca
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 154904) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena glauca
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 154909) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena glauca
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1964) (voucher ID: BISH 660317) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1998) (voucher ID: PTBG 34623) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 679-680)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 679-680)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 679-680)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 679-680)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 679-680)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 679-680)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 679-680)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 679-680)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced invasive	Toyoda, Takeshi (2003) (p. 283) Naturalized
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Kiribati Line Islands	Kiritimati (Christmas) Atoll		Chock, Alvin K./Hamilton, Jr., Dean C. (1962) (p. 4) Voucher cited: Fosberg 13249 (BISH)
Kiribati Line Islands	Kiritimati (Christmas) Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 24)
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 24)
Kiribati Line Islands	Teraina (Washington) Island	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 24)
Kiribati Line Islands	Teraina (Washington) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1964) (voucher ID: BISH 51302) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena glauca
Kiribati Line Islands	Teraina (Washington) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 602831) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Kiribati Line Islands	Teraina (Washington) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 602832) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 28) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 30881 (US), Degener & Hateway 21296, Luomala 3, Clapp P-71-14 (US) Introduced with soil and persisting.
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced	Luomala, Katharine (1951) (p. 172) Voucher cited: Luomala 3
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 10)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (2003) (voucher ID: BISH 697759) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 10)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 10)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Bikini (Pikinni) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1988) (p. 12)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Bikini (Pikinni) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 659668) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ebon (Epoon) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 421933) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll	introduced invasive	Lamberson, J. O. (1982) (p. 31)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1975) (voucher ID: BISH 404909) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1975) (voucher ID: BISH 583826) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 20) Voucher cited: Lyman 8 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 154897) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena glauca
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 54) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 31176, Whistler 11219
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 11) Voucher cited: Fosberg 31176 (US) Persisting after cultivation.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Ailuk (Aelok) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Ailuk (Aelok) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 11) Voucher cited: Fosberg 33972 (US) Persisting after cultivation.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Ailuk (Aelok) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1951) (voucher ID: BISH 154900) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena glauca
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 8) "Uncommon; small stands by road near old R&D farm in Arno village, evidence of efforts made to cut trees down".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1959) (p. 5) Voucher cited: Fosberg 36636 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1956) (voucher ID: BISH 154898) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena glauca
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 108)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 606400) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Mejit (Mãjej) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 422026) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Utirik (Utrõk) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Utirik (Utrõk) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 11) Voucher cited: Fosberg 33669 (US) Persisting after cultivation.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Utirik (Utrõk) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1951) (voucher ID: BISH 154899) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena glauca
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Utirik (Utrõk) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 423087) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Wotje (Wõjjã) Atoll	introduced	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2009) (p. 1) Voucher cited: Vander Velde 0513200907
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 99)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (pp. 149-150) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58638 (US), Scully 161N (US), Thaman & Manner 9 (SUVA), Swarbrick 9564 (BRIU)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 438324) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Lifou	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 78) Voucher cited: MacKee 5239
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Ouvéa (Ouvea Atoll)	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 78) Voucher cited: Däniker 2013a
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Walpole	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 78) Hmakone & Sam in MacKee 25853
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 99) "Dry forests, savannas"
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 381)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 78) Vouchers cited: Pancher 6834, Baudouin 372 s.loc., Balansa 313, Schlechter 14737, Franc 681, MacKee 37661
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 10867) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena glauca
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 698044) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena glauca
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 78) Voucher cited: Denizot s.n.
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 122) Voucher cited: CHR 168726
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 25)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 5)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 35)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (pp. 58-59) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9780 (BISH) "Occasional in thickets on the lower terrace near the sea".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 9)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 88)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 11)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 85)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 11)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1981) (voucher ID: BNM 3018) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) deWit
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 81)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 11)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 154917) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena glauca
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (2007) (voucher ID: BNM 4490) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1966) (voucher ID: BNM 465) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1967) (voucher ID: BNM 867) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 81)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 11) Voucher: Lorence 9711 (PTBG, BNM, NY, US, BISH)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 4) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngercheu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92) Carp Resort
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 81)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 11)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 90)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 11)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngerchong Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngerchong Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 11)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 94)
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago	introduced cultivated	Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 210) Ornamental plant in the gardens of the natives.
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 62)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced invasive	Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (p. 250) In the settled areas at low and medium altitudes, locally gregarious and abundant.
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 103) "Gardens".
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Paulay, Gustav/Spencer, T./Oliver, Royce (1989) (p. 13) Voucher cited: Paulay, Spencer & Schuster 665 (US)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 7)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1973) (voucher ID: BISH 417652) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 7)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 28714) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Gillis & Stearn
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 28948) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Gillis & Stearn
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	New Georgia Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 416663) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 93)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced	Whitmore, T. C. (1969) (p. 261)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced invasive cultivated	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 85)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced invasive cultivated	Shine, C./Reaser, J. K./Gutierrez, A. T., eds. (2003) (p. 166) Moderate invader.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘afeva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 640312) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘ano Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 73)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka and Foa Islands	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 73)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Nomuka Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 129-130) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15851
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	‘Uiha Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 73)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 129-130) "Throughout Tonga".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 61)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 129-130) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15625
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 154877) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena glauca
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 54)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 30) Voucher cited: Soakai 826
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 129-130) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15013
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1926) (voucher ID: BISH 154880) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1960) (voucher ID: BISH 154881) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1959) (voucher ID: BISH 403402) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1959) (voucher ID: BISH 698043) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 67)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 129-130) Voucher cited: Yuncker 16145
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 154876) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena glauca
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Tuvalu Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 93)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Midway Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 679-680)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Sand Island	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2008) (pp. B-10)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Palmyra Atoll	Palmyra Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 24)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Palmyra Atoll	Palmyra Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 573549) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 93)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1969) (p. 10)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 633246) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1994) (voucher ID: BISH 659970) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 106)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Shine, C./Reaser, J. K./Gutierrez, A. T., eds. (2003) (p. 179)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (pp. 10, 35) Il forme des fourrés très denses en bordure de route et sur certains bords de mer. Son expansion peut être favorisée par des perturbations de la végétation, notamment les incendies.
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 25)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 107) Secondary vegetation.

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	New South Wales	introduced invasive	Australian Biological Resources Study (2011)
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	introduced invasive cultivated	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 173)
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	introduced invasive	Australian Biological Resources Study (2011)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive cultivated	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 173)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Australian Biological Resources Study (2011)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Chile (continental) Chile	Chile (Republic of)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced invasive cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) "Cultivated and naturalized".
China China	Hong Kong	introduced invasive cultivated	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 132) Cultivated and naturalized. On margins of forests.
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Indonesia Indonesia	West Papua Province (Indonesia) (western New Guinea Island) (formerly Irian Jaya)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced invasive	Cronk, Q. C. B./Fuller, J. L. (2001) (p. 165)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 184)
Japan Ryukyu Islands	Ryukyu Islands	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 54) Naturalised
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) "Cultivated and naturalized".
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
United States (west coast) United States (west coast states)	USA (California)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (pp. 43-44, 118)
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 37)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Chagos Archipelago	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Topp, J. M. W. (1988) (p. 6)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		Stoddart, D. R./Taylor, J. D., eds. (1971) (p. 151) Voucher cited: Stoddart 861 (K, US)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. Arthur (1996) (p. 28)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1995) (voucher ID: PTBG 37929) Taxon name on voucher: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Comoros Comoro Islands	Anjouan (Nzwani) Island	introduced invasive	Vos, P. (2004) (p. 6)
Comoros Comoro Islands	Comoro Islands	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Comoros Comoro Islands	Grande Comore (Njazidja) Island	introduced invasive	Vos, P. (2004) (p. 6)
Comoros Comoro Islands	Mohéli (Mwali) Island	introduced invasive	Vos, P. (2004) (p. 6)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	MacDonald, I. A. W./Thebaud, C./Strahm, W. A./Strasberg, D. (1991) (pp. 51-61)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Lavergne, Christophe (2006) "Très envahissant"
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Kueffer, C./Lavergne, C. (2004) (p. 4)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Baret, Stephane/Rouget, Mathieu/Richardson, David M./Lavergne, Christophe/Egoh, Benis/Dupont, Joel/Strasberg, Dominique (2006) (p. 758)
India (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Andaman Islands	Andaman Islands	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
India (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Nicobar Islands	Nicobar Islands	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Maldives Maldive Islands	Maldive Islands	introduced invasive	Pallawatta, Nirmalie/Reaser, Jamie K./Gutierrez, Alixis T./eds. (2003) (p. 62)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	introduced invasive	Kueffer, C./Mauremootoo, J. (2004) (p. 6)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Rodrigues Island	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Rodrigues Island	introduced invasive	Kueffer, C./Mauremootoo, J. (2004) (p. 6)
French Territory of Mayotte Mayotte Islands	Mayotte Island	introduced invasive	Vos, P. (2004) (p. 6)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Agalega Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Stoddart, D. R. (1983) (p. 124) Voucher cited: Stoddart 7250 (US)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Coetivy Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 150) Voucher cited: Roberston 3132 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	D'Arros Island		Stoddart, D. R./Coe, M. J./Fosberg, F. R. (1979) (p. 22) Vouchers cited: Gwynne & Wood 919 (EA), Gwynne & Wood 1016 (EA), Stoddart 7210 (US)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 52)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Groupe d'Aldabra	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Marie-Louise Island		Wilson, J. R. (1983) (p. 192)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Platte Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 161) Voucher cited: Robertson 3005 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Poivre Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 171) Voucher cited: Robertson 2330 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	introduced invasive	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	St. Joseph Island		Stoddart, D. R./Coe, M. J./Fosberg, F. R. (1979) (p. 45) Voucher cited: Stoddart 7173 (US)

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	USA (Florida)	introduced invasive	Cronk, Q. C. B./Fuller, J. L. (2001) (p. 165)

Comments:  Leucaena has been widely planted and seeded throughout the Pacific and is among the most prevalent invasive species. A serious problem in Tonga.

Planting of this species is prohibited in Miami-Dade County, Florida (U.S.) (Hunsberger, 2001).

Eradication project planned for the island of Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands (Chris Buddenhagen, pers. com.).

Control: 

Physical:  "Good forage in dry pastures but its toxicity is somewhat of a problem and it grows out of reach of livestock and shades out the understory.  Goats will control koa haole (An Peischel)" (Motooka et al., 2003).  "Difficult to control mechanically because the roots break when pulled"  (Englberger, 2009; p. 26).

"La lutte mécanique est possible sur de grandes surfaces planes (gyrobroyage)" (Meyer, 2008; p. 24).

Chemical: "Sensitive to foliar-applied triclopyr. Susceptible to soil applied tebuthiuron at 2 lb/acre and to cut-surface applications of picloram. Dicamba ineffective in cut-surface applications. Triclopyr ester applied basal bark and stump bark effective, 2,4-D in diesel and sometimes diesel alone effective in basal bark treatments" (Motooka et al., 2003).

"Triclopyr (Garlon 4) can be used as foliar application on young plants.  For older plants undiluted Garlon 4 can be applied to the cut stem"  (Englberger, 2009; p. 26).

"La lutte manuelle (arrachage des plantules) associée à un traitement chimique (triclopyr ou dicamba) sur souches d’arbres coupés ou par injection dans les troncs est réalisable sur de petites surfaces" (Meyer, 2008; p. 24).

Biological: An insect, the leucaena psyllid (Heterophylla cubana), damages but does not eliminate the plant. For a list of pests of leucaena, see the Ecoport web site.

"Heteropsylla cubana, the leucaena psyllid was discovered in Hawaii in 1984. This psyllid was causing extensive defoliation of Leucaena leucocephala. Ranchers who relied on leucaena as fodder in marginal lands were concerned, and the Hawaii Department of Agriculture initiated a search for natural enemies of the psyllid in Trinidad and Tobago. Conservationists who considered leucaena a pest initially objected to efforts to control the psyllid, but as leucaena stands opened up, broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus) invaded the understory. Broomsedge provided fuel for more intense and extensive wildfires which threatened remaining pockets of native vegetation in lowland mesic areas. Eventually, opposition to control of the leucaena psyllid weakened, and Psyllaephagus yaseeni, a nymphal parasite of the psyllid, was released in Hawaii in 1987 and 1988"  (Smith et al., 2002).

Additional information:
At the Woody Plant Ecology web site.
Excerpt from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).
Information from the Purdue University NewCROP web site.
Information from the World Agroforestry Centre's AgroForestryTree Database.
Information from the Global Invasive Species Database.
Fact sheet from "Common forest trees of Hawaii" (PDF format).
Fact sheet from the Government of Queensland, Australia. (PDF format).
Fact sheet from "Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories: thamnic descriptions" (PDF format).
Photo and additional information at the University of Guam "Plants of Guam" web site.
Article from "Wildland Weeds".
Information from the USDA Tropical Tree Seed Manual (PDF format).

Additional online information about Leucaena leucocephala is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Leucaena leucocephala as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Leucaena leucocephala may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Australian Biological Resources Study. 2011. Flora of Australia Online. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.

Baret, Stephane/Rouget, Mathieu/Richardson, David M./Lavergne, Christophe/Egoh, Benis/Dupont, Joel/Strasberg, Dominique. 2006. Current distribution and potential extent of the most invasive alien plant species on La Réunion (Indian Ocean, Mascarene islands). Austral Ecology (2006) 31, 747-758.

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1966. Voucher specimen #BNM465(Cheatham 29).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1967. Voucher specimen #BNM867(Blackburn, B. 133).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1981. Voucher specimen #BNM3018(Timberlake, J. 3018).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 2007. Voucher specimen #BNM4490(Balick et al. 4490).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 0. Voucher specimen #BISH 154904 (Thompson, J.B. 335).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1911. Voucher specimen #BISH 154903 (McGregor, R.C. 455).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1918. Voucher specimen #BISH 154902 (Nelson, P. 43).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1925. Voucher specimen #BISH 154923 (Tothill, J.D. 131a).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1926. Voucher specimen #BISH 154880 (Setchell, W.A. 15363).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1928. Voucher specimen #BISH 154922 (Gillespie, J.W. 4691).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 154892 (Wilder, G.P. 1001).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1933. Voucher specimen #BISH 154925 (Smith, A.C. 252).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1934. Voucher specimen #BISH 154924 (Smith, A.C. 1027).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 154915 (Takamatsu, M. 1866).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1937. Voucher specimen #BISH 154927 (St.John, H. 18079).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 618749 (St.John, H. 19342).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 154882 (Yuncker, T.G. 9395).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 154883 (Yuncker, T.G. 9108).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1940. Voucher specimen #BISH 154929 (Degener, O. 13501).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 154897 (Lyman, R.K. 8).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 154909 (Fosberg, F.R. 25413).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 154910 (Fosberg, F.R. 25066).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 154911 (Fosberg, F.R. 24881).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 154912 (Fosberg, F.R. 25173).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 154913 (Hosaka, E.Y. 2978).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 421933 (St.John, H. 22198).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 422026 (St.John, H. 21970).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 423087 (St.John, H. 21871).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 154926 (Smith, A.C. 6041).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 154928 (Smith, A.C. 4730).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1948. Voucher specimen #BISH 154914 (Wong, C.C.Y. 438).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 10867 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 1573).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 154918 (Glassman, S.F. 2717).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 154919 (Glassman, S.F. 2771).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 698044 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 1573).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 154917 (Fosberg, F.R. 32051).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 154920 (Anderson, D. 2064).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1951. Voucher specimen #BISH 154899 (Fosberg, F.R. 33669).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1951. Voucher specimen #BISH 154900 (Fosberg, F.R. 33972).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1952. Voucher specimen #BISH 154907 (Kondo, Y.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1952. Voucher specimen #BISH 154908 (Kondo, Y. 14).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 154876 (Yuncker, T.G. 16145).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 154877 (Yuncker, T.G. 15625).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 154930 (Smith, A.C. 9062).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1956. Voucher specimen #BISH 154898 (Fosberg, F.R. 36636).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1959. Voucher specimen #BISH 32858 (Pillay, S. 11912).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1959. Voucher specimen #BISH 403402 (Soakai, E. 826).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1959. Voucher specimen #BISH 698043 (Soakai, E. 826).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1960. Voucher specimen #BISH 14450 (Pillay 12234).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1960. Voucher specimen #BISH 32859 (Pillay 12234).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1960. Voucher specimen #BISH 154881 (Hotta, M. 4567).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1964. Voucher specimen #BISH 51302 (Long, C.R. 1831).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1964. Voucher specimen #BISH 660317 (Whiting, M.G. 306).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1966. Voucher specimen #BISH 659793 (Evans, M. 2407).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1966. Voucher specimen #BISH 660316 (Evans, M. 1970).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 22998 (Cushing-Falanruw, M.V. 909).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 28714 (Bristol, M.L. 2181).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 28948 (Bristol, M.L. 2423).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1973. Voucher specimen #BISH 417652 (Whistler, W.A. W 955).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1975. Voucher specimen #BISH 404909 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 1678).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1975. Voucher specimen #BISH 583826 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 1678).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 416663 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1423).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 430475 (Whistler, W.A. W3792).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 438324 (Fosberg, F.R. 58638).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 659792 (Fosberg, F.R. 59984).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 491659 (Florence, J. 3494).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 492823 (Florence, J. 2994).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 493012 (Florence, J. 2284).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 493282 (Florence, J. 2994).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 555118 (Florence, J. 4192).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 640312 (G.Buelow 3215).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 552835 (Florence, J. 6168).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 602831 (L.Wester 2214 (1)).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 602832 (L.Wester 2214 (1)).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 614930 (Fosberg, F.R. 64858).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 659668 (Fosberg, F.R. 65197).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 573549 (Herbst, D.R. 8863).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 664030 (Jolinon, J.C. 1250).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 601634 (J.Florence 9317).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 606400 (Herbst, D.R. 9207).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 633864 (Florence 10148).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1993. Voucher specimen #BISH 633246 (E.J.Funk Wake 13).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1993. Voucher specimen #BISH 658471 (Florence 12025).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1994. Voucher specimen #BISH 659970 (Herbst, D.R. 9679).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1996. Voucher specimen #BISH 646901 (Whistler, W.A. 10308).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 2003. Voucher specimen #BISH 697759 (C.Imada 2003-147).

Charles Darwin Foundation. 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos. Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos, Ecuador.

Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

Chock, Alvin K./Hamilton, Jr., Dean C. 1962. Plants of Christmas Island. Atoll Res. Bull. 90. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 7 pp.

Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore. 273 pp.

Cronk, Q. C. B./Fuller, J. L. 2001. Plant invaders. Earthscan Publications, Ltd., London. 241 pp.

Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. 1998. Potential environmental weeds in Australia: Candidate species for preventative control. Canberra, Australia. Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia. 208 pp.

EcoPort Foundation. 2011. EcoPort (on-line resource).

Englberger, Konrad. 2009. Invasive weeds of Pohnpei: A guide for identification and public awareness. Conservation Society of Pohnpei. 29 pp.

Falanruw, Marjorie C./Maka, Jean E./Cole, Thomas G./Whitesell, Craig D. 1990. Common and scientific names of trees and shrubs of Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. Pac. SW Forest and Range Expt. Stn. Resource Bulletin PSW-67. 91 pp.

Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. 2011. Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP). (online resource).

Fosberg, F. R. 1955. Northern Marshall Islands Expedition, 1951-1952. Land biota: vascular plants. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 39. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 22 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1959. Additional records of phanerogams from the northern Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 68. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 9 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1969. Plants of Satawal Island, Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 132. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 13 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1988. Vegetation of Bikini Atoll. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Research Bulletin 315:1-28.

Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1975. Vascular flora of the northern Marianas Islands. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 22:1-45.

Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1977. Additional records of vascular plants from the northern Mariana Islands. Micronesica 13: 27-31.

Fosberg, F. R./Otobed, D./Sachet, M.-H./Oliver, R. L./Powell, D. A./Canfield, J. E. 1980. Vascular plants of Palau with vernacular names. Department of Botany, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 43 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Paulay, Gustav/Spencer, T./Oliver, Royce. 1989. New collections and notes on the plants of Henderson, Pitcairn, Oeno, and Ducie Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 329. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 18 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1962. Vascular plants recorded from Jaluit Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 92. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 39 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1969. Wake Island vegetation and flora, 1961-1963. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 123. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 15 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1987. Flora of Maupiti, Society Islands. The Smithsonian Institution. Atoll Research Bulletin 294:1-70.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Stoddart, D. R. 1983. List of the recorded vascular flora of Agalega. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. 1994. Flora of the Phoenix Islands, central Pacific. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Research Bulletin 393. 60 pp.

Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe. 1996. Conséquences des introductions d'espèces animales et végétales sur la biodiversité en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 51:375-401.

Glassman, S. F. 1952. The flora of Ponape. Bishop Mus. Bull. 209: 1-152.

Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.

Haselwood, E. L./Motter, G. G. 1983. Handbook of Hawaiian Weeds. Second edition, revised and expanded by Robert T. Hirano. University of Hawaii Press. 491 pp.

Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. 2010. Checklist of the vascular plants of Pohnpei with local names and uses. Allertonia, in press. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 146 pp.

Hunsberger, A. G. B. 2001. Invasive and banned plants of Miami-Dade County. U. of Fl. Extension. 3 pp.

ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre. 2011. International Legume Database & Information Service. Online searchable database.

Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. 2002. Invasive/weedy angiosperms in Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Invasive species and their management. Micronesica Suppl. 6:61-65.

Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.

Kueffer, C./Lavergne, C. 2004. Case studies on the status of invasive woody plant species in the western Indian Ocean. 4. R233;union. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Forestry Department, Forest Resources Division, Forest Resources Development Service, Working Paper FBS/4-4E. 37 pp.

Kueffer, C./Mauremootoo, J. 2004. Case studies on the status of invasive woody plant species in the western Indian Ocean. 3. Mauritius (islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Forestry Department, Forest Resources Division, Forest Resources Development Service, Working Paper FBS/4-3E. 35 pp.

Lamberson, J. O. 1982. A guide to terrestrial plants of Enewetak Atoll. Pacific Science Information Center, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. 73 pp.

Lavergne, Christophe. 2006. List des especes exotiques envahissantes a La Reunion. Unpublished manuscript (Excel file). .

Little, Elbert L./Skolmen, Roger G. 1989. Common forest trees of Hawaii (native and introduced). USDA Agriculture Handbook 679. Washington, D.C. 377 pp. + plates.

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 2010. Checklist of the plants of Palau. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 44 pp.

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy. 2010. Checklist of the plants of Kosrae. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 26 pp.

Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. 2008. Flora of the Marquesas Islands. National Tropical Botanical Garden and the Smithsonian Institution. Online database.

Luomala, Katharine. 1951. Plants of Canton Island, Phoenix Islands. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 20(11):157-174.

MacDonald, I. A. W./Thebaud, C./Strahm, W. A./Strasberg, D. 1991. Effects of alien plant invasions on native vegetation remnants on La Reunion (Mascarenes Islands, Indian Ocean). Environmental Conservation 18 (1):51-61.

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

McCormack, Gerald. 2011. Cook Islands Biodiversity Database, Version 2007.2. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotonga.

Merrill, Elmer D. 1923. An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants, vol. 2 [reprint]. Bureau of Printing, Manila. 530 pp.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2000. Preliminary review of the invasive plants in the Pacific islands (SPREP Member Countries). In: Sherley, G. (tech. ed.). Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Samoa. 190 pp.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2007. Rapport de mission sur l'Ile d'Uvea (Wallis & Futuna) du 6 au 17 Novembre 2007: Inventaire preliminaire de la flore vasculaire secondaire [unpublished report]. Délégation à la Recherche, Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Recherche, B.P. 20981 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française. 39 pp.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2008. Rapport de mission d'expertise a Rapa Nui du 02 au 11 Juin 2008: Plan d'action strategique pour lutter contre les plantes introduites envahissantes sur Rapa Nui (Île de pâques) [Strategic action plan to control invasive alien plants on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) [unpublished report]. Délégation à la Recherche, Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement supérieur et la Recherche, B.P. 20981 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française. 62 pp. .

Meyer, Jean-Yves/Fourdrigniez, Marie. 2008. Rapport de mission sur l'atoll de Raro‘ia (Tuamotu Centre) du 12 au 19 Octobre 2008: Inventaire preliminaire de la flore vasculaire. de l'avifaune terrestre & marine, et recommandations de conservation et de gestion [unpublished report]. Délégation à la Recherche, Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Recherche, B.P. 20981 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française. 24 pp.

Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro. 2004. Invasive alien species in Japan: the status quo and the new regulation for prevention of their adverse effects. Global Environmental Research 8(2)/2004: 171-191.

Motooka, Philip/Castro, Luisa/Nelson, Duane/Nagai, Guy/Ching, Lincoln. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa. 184 pp.

Motooka, Philip/Ching, Lincoln/Nagai, Guy. 2002. Herbicidal Weed Control Methods for Pasture and Natural Areas of Hawaii. Cooperative Extension Service, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i. CTAHR free publication WC-8.

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 1995. Voucher specimen #PTBG37929(Art Whistler 9742).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 1998. Voucher specimen #PTBG34623(M. J. Balick 3901).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2001. Voucher specimen #PTBG35369(David H. Lorence 8713).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2008. Voucher specimen #PTBG4(David H. Lorence 9711).

Orchard, Anthony E., ed. 1993. Flora of Australia. Vol. 50, Oceanic islands 2. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Pallawatta, Nirmalie/Reaser, Jamie K./Gutierrez, Alixis T./eds. 2003. Invasive alien species in south-southeast Asia: national reports and directory of resources. Global Invasive Species Programme. 111 pp.

Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty]. 1984. Flora of the Bismarck Archipelago for naturalists. Office of Forests, Division of Botany, Lae, Papua New Guinea. 638 pp. ISBN 9980-66-000-7.

Ragone, Diane/Lorence, David H. 2003. Botanical and ethnobotanical inventories of the National Park of American Samoa. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, Hawaii and Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, Department of Botany, University of Hawaii. 91 pp.

Raulerson, L./Rinehart, A. 1991. Trees and shrubs of the northern Mariana Islands. Saipan: Coastal Resources Management Office of the Governor, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 96950. 119 pp.

Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. 1983. List of plants collected on Coetivy Island, Seychelles. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. 1983. List of plants collected on Platte Island, Seychelles. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. 1983. List of plants of Poivre Island, Seychelles. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. 1983. Vegetation of Frégate Island, Seychelles. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Sachet, M.-H. 1983. Natural history of Mopelia Atoll, Society Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Reserch Bulletin 274. 37 pp.

Sachet, M.-H. 1983. Botanique de l'ile de Tupai, Iles de la Societe. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 276. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 26 pp. + photos.

Sachet, M.-H./Fosberg, F. R. 1983. An ecological reconnaissance of Tetiaroa Atoll, Society Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 275. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 67 pp. + photos.

Shine, C./Reaser, J. K./Gutierrez, A. T., eds. 2003. Invasive alien species in the Austral-Pacific Region: National Reports & Directory of Resources. Global Invasive Species Programme, Cape Town, South Africa. 185 pp.

Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 3. 758 pp.

Smith, Clifford W. 1985. Impact of Alien Plants on Hawai‘i's Native Biota. In: Stone, Charles P. and Scott, J. Michael, eds. Hawai‘i's terrestrial ecosystems: preservation and Management. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii, Manoa.

Smith, Clifford W./ Denslow, Julie/ Hight, Stephen. 2002. Proceedings of workshop on biological control of native ecosystems in Hawai‘i. Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit (University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany) Technical Report 129. 122 pages.

Smith, Nicholas M. 2002. Weeds of the wet/dry tropics of Australia - a field guide. Environment Centre NT, Inc. 112 pp.

Soria, M./Taylor, U./Tye, A./Wilkenson, S. R. 2002. Identificación y manajo de malezas en las isles Galapágos. Fundación Charles Darwin, Parque Nacional Galapágos. 69 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2000. Observations on invasive plant species in American Samoa.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 51 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2000. Report to the Government of Niue on invasive plant species of environmental concern.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 34 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2001. Report to the Kingdom of Tonga on invasive plant species of environmental concern.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 78 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2002. Report to the Government of the Cook Islands on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 146 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2002. Report to the Government of Samoa on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 83 pp.

Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. 2004. Report to the Republic of Kiribati on invasive plant species on the islands of Tarawa, Abemama, Butaritari and Maiana. Cont. no. 2003-006 to the Pac. Biol. Surv. USDA Forest Service and Bishop Museum, Honolulu. 103 pp.

Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie. 2009. Report to the Republic of Palau: 2008 update on Invasive Plant Species. USDA Forest Service, Hilo, Hawai‘i. 227 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate. 2004. Report to the Government of Niue and the United Nations Development Programme: Invasive plant species on Niue following Cyclone Heta. UNDP NIU/98/G31 - Niue Enabling Activity. 80 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. 2000. Invasive plant species in Chuuk, Federated States of Micronesia.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 41 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar. 2003. Report to the Republic of Palau on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 174 pp.

Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd. 2008. Botanical survey of Midway Atoll. Prepared for: United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 27 pp. plus appendices.

Stoddart, D. R./Coe, M. J./Fosberg, F. R. 1979. D'Arros and St. Joseph, Amirante Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 223. The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 48 pp.

Stoddart, D. R./Taylor, J. D., eds. 1971. Geography and ecology of Diego Garcia Atoll, Chagos Archipelago. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 149. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 237 pp.

Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.

Swarbrick, J. T. 1997. Environmental weeds and exotic plants on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean: a report to Parks Australia. 101 pp. plus appendix.

Swarbrick, John T. 1997. Weeds of the Pacific Islands. Technical paper no. 209. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 124 pp.

Sykes, W. R. 1970. Contributions to the flora of Niue. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 200, Wellington. 321 pp.

Thaman, R. R. 1987. Plants of Kiribati: a listing and analysis of vernacular names. Atoll Res. Bull. 296:1-42.

Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. 1994. The flora of Nauru. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Research Bulletin 392:1-223.

Thaman, R. R./Tuiwawa, M. 1999. Invasive, potentially invasive and adventive alien plant species of Fiji: a preliminary analysis of their status and measures required for their control. Preliminary draft discussion paper prepared for the SPREP Regional Invasive Species Strategy for the South Pacific Islands Region: Regional Workshop, Nadi, Fiji, 26 September-1 October 1999.

Topp, J. M. W. 1988. An annotated check list of the flora of Diego Garcia, British Ocean Territory. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 313. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 21 pp.

Toyoda, Takeshi. 2003. Flora of the Bonin Islands. Aboc & Co. 522 pp.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Vander Velde, Nancy. 2003. The vascular plants of Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Atoll Research Bulletin No. 503:1-141.

Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian. 2007. Arno plants [preliminary working listing of plant species]. Unpublished checklist, 13 pp.

Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian. 2009. Specimens from Likiep, Majuro, Wotje and Arno (unpublished checklist). 4 pp.

Vos, P. 2004. Case studies on the status of invasive woody plant species in the western Indian Ocean. 2. The Comoros Archipelago (Union of the Comoros and Mayotte). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Forestry Department, Forest Resources Division, Forest Resources Development Service, Working Paper FBS/4-2E. 34 pp.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Waterhouse, D. F. 1997. The major invertebrate pests and weeds of agriculture and plantation forestry in the Southern and Western Pacific. The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 93 pp.

Weber, Ewald. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 548 pp.

Welsh, S. L. 1998. Flora Societensis: A summary revision of the flowering plants of the Society Islands. E.P.S. Inc., Orem, Utah. 420 pp.

Wester, Lyndon. 1985. Checklist of the vascular plants of the northern Line Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Reseach Bulletin 287:1-38.

Whistler, W. A. 1980. The vegetation of eastern Samoa. Allertonia 2:45-90.

Whistler, W. A. 1983. Weed Handbook of Western Polynesia. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Eschborn. 151 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1984. Annotated list of Samoan plant names. Economic Botany 38:464.489.

Whistler, W. A. 1984. Rainforest trees of Samoa: A guide to the common native and naturalized lowland and foothill forest trees of the Samoan Archielago. Isle Botanica, Honolulu. 210 pp. ISBN 0-645426-4-1.

Whistler, W. A. 1988. Checklist of the weed flora of western Polynesia. Technical Paper No. 194, South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 69 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1990. Ethnobotany of the Cook Islands: The plants, their Maori names, and their uses. Allertonia 5(4):347-424.

Whistler, W. A. 1990. The weeds of Manu‘a [unpublished checklist]. 18 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flora of Tonga [unpublished checklist]. 107 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 2000. Plants in Samoan culture: The ethnobotany of Samoa. Isle Botanica. 234 pp. ISB: 0-9645426-6-8.

Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. 1997. Botanical survey of the Huvalu Forest Conservation Area, Niue. Unpublished technical report. 76 pp.

Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. 1999. Botanical survey of the United States of America Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) Islands. Prepared for Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education and the U. S. Army Environmental Center. 111 pp.

Whistler, W. Arthur. 1996. Botanical survey of Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago, British Indian Ocean Territory. Isle Botanica. 49 pp.

Whitmore, T. C. 1969. The vegetation of the Solomon Islands. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B 255:259-270.

Wilson, J. R. 1983. Ecology of Marie-Louise, Amirantes Islands. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Wu, Te-lin. 2001. Check List of Hong Kong Plants. Hong Kong Herbarium and the South China Institute of Botany. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department Bulletin 1 (revised). 384 pp.

Yuncker, T. G. 1943. The flora of Niue Island. Bishop Mus. Bull. 178. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 126 pp.

Yuncker, T. G. 1945. Plants of the Manua Islands. Bishop Mus. Bull. 184. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 73 pp.

Yuncker, T. G. 1959. Plants of Tonga. Bishop Museum Bull. 220. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 343 pp.

Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong. 2011. Flora of China (online resource).