Lantana camara L., Verbenaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 21 (Go to the risk assessment)

Common name(s): [more details]

English: lantana, red sage, shrub verbena, white sage, wild sage, yellow sage

Fijian: kauboica, kaumboitha, lanitana, mbona ra mbulumakau, mbonambulumakau, tokalau, waiwai

Filipino: bahug-bahug, sapinit

French: caca martin, corbeille d'or, galabert, vieille fille

Hawaiian: la‘au kalakala, lakana, lanakana, mikinolia hihiu, mikinolia hohono, mikinolia kukū

I-Kiribati: te kaibuaka

Kosraean: ros fonacni

Maori (Cook Islands): rānatāna, tātarāmoa, tātarāmoa, tātarāmoa, tātarāmoa papa‘ā, tūtae ‘oro‘enua

Marshallese: lantõna

Nauruan: migiroa

Pohnpeian: landana, rahndana, randana, rantana, tukasuweth

Samoan: latana, latana

Spanish: cuasquito, supirosa

Tahitian: taratara hamoa, tatara moa, tatara moa, tātarāmoa

Tongan: talatala

Tuvaluan: kai puaka

Habit:  shrub

Description:  "Erect or with branches rambling, prickly or not; leaves ovate, hispid, commonly 4-8 cm long, 2-5.5 cm wide, on petioles 1-3 cm long, blades serrate, stiff chartaceous, spicy-pungent if rubbed; spikes headlike or corymbose; flowers crowded, youngest ones central, pale, older flowers orange, oldest ones red (or white); corolla tube pubescent internally, 10-12 mm long; limb about 8 mm across, with darker eye; drupe purple-black, 5-6 mm thick, slightly juicy, the pyrene with an air-cavity between the two cells" (Stone, 1970; p. 506).

There are many varieties and color forms.

Habitat/ecology:  "It is a weed of cultivated land, fence lines, pastures, rangelands, and waste places.  It thrives in dry and wet regions and often grows in valleys, mountain slopes, and coastal areas.  The plant flowers all the year in many warm countries.  It is somewhat shade-tolerant and, therefore, can become the dominant understory in open forests or in tropical tree crops.  In pastures it forms dense thickets which shade out and encroach upon desirable pasture plants.  With time it can form pure stands over large areas, thereby rendering the land useless for pasture.  It is especially pernicious in steep, mountainous, rocky rangelands"  (Holm et al., 1977; p. 299, 302).  "A major weed of pastures, roadsides, wasteland and plantations, but is not a problem in cultivation.  Lantana grows best in moist, but not wet areas where the soil is of medium fertility and there is plenty of light.  It also tolerates moderate shade"  (Swarbrick, 1997; p. 17).

Widely cultivated as an ornamental, from which it escapes as a weed.  This thorny shrub forms dense understory vegetation that crowds out and inhibits establishment of other species.  Allelopathic substances are produced by shoots and roots (Achhereddy, in press).  Grows well in dry areas but also present in wetter habitats.  Tolerates moderate shade.

Elevations to 1500 m in French Polynesia.  In Fiji, "an abundantly naturalized pernicious weed from near sea level to about 900 m in thickets, plantations, and canefields, on the edges of forest, and along roadsides"  (Smith, 1991; pp. 172-173).  In Hawai‘i, "an extremely serious weed of mesic forest, diverse mesic forest, dry shrubland, and other low elevation, dry, disturbed habitats, 2-1,070 m"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1320). Arid lowlands and moist uplands in the Galápagos Islands (McMullen, 1999; p. 164). "In the Galapagos, it has taken over the nesting grounds of the dark-rumped petrels on Floreana Islands, making it difficult for the birds to enter and exit their burrows (Luis Ortis, Charles Darwin Research Station, Galapagos, Ecuador)  (Motooka et al., 2003)..  In New Guinea, "mainly a weed of pasture land, forming dense thickets if uncontrolled" (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p. 158). In New Caledonia, "devient vite un fléau sur tous les terrains non-ultrabasiques, envahissant cultures et surtout pâturages. Se répand aux îles où toutefois il reste dispersé sans constituer des fourrés denses. Semble aujourd'hui en légère régression, peut-être à cause d'introductions successives depuis 1909 d'insectes qui l'attaquent. Cultivé parfois dans les jardins" (MacKee, 1994; p. 139); "Devient vite un fléau sur tous les terrains non-ultrabasiques, envahissant cultures et surtout pâturages; du littoral jusqu'aux sommets. Se repand aux îles Loyauté où toutefois il reste dispersé sans constituer des fourrés denses. Semble aujourd'hui en légère régression, peut-être à cause d'introductions successives depuis 1909 d'insectes qui l'attaquent. Son extension massive semble notamment résulter du Merle des Moluques qui consomme les baies et rejette avec ses fientes les graines non digérées (dans le texte)" (Gargominy et al., 1996; p. 383).

Propagation:  The fruit is dispersed by frugivorous birds and rodents. It is capable of surviving all but the hottest fires, regenerating from basal shoots.

Native range:  Central America

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (pp. 5, 13)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 5)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced	Pickard, J. (1984) (p. 208)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 21) "A native of tropical America which has escaped from gardens and become a notorious and widespread noxious weed". Voucher cited: A.N. Rodd 3602 (NSW)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced invasive	Ziesing, P. (1997) (pp. 28-29)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 11) "A native of tropical America which has escaped from gardens and become a notorious and widespread noxious weed. Common". Vouchers cited: G. Uhe 1106 (K); K.S. Harley 1 (BRI); 1902, J.H. Maiden & J.L. Boorman (NSW)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236) also var. aculeata
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Falanruw, Marjorie (1999) (p. Field notes.)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Falanruw, Marjorie (1999) (p. 10)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 588312) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 7)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 409986) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 7)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 81924) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1964) (voucher ID: BISH 187400) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcan Sierra Negra	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Chuuk Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 187372) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fano Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 633322) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (pp. 7, 28)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Param Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236) var. aculeata
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (pp. 7, 28)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Udot Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236) var. aculeata
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Udot Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 187363) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236) var. aculeata
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 652929) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Waguk, Erick E. (2000) (p. 26)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (2005) (p. 16)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 64) Not located in this survey.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236) var. aculeata
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 103) Vouchers cited: Glassman 2435 (US), Takamatsu 1029 (BM), Takamatsu 1100 (BM)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 187362) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 187377) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 438223) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 511405) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236) var. aculeata
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Falanruw, Marjorie (1999) (p. Field notes.)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 81644) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1948) (voucher ID: BISH 187371) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 588140) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 652952) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 172-173) Voucher cited: Smith 7501
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 187384) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 172-173) Voucher cited: DA 8921
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 172-173) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 575, DA 10784, Smith 341
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1933) (voucher ID: BISH 187380) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 172-173) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 575A, Degener 15026, DA 11446, DA 10736, DA 11248, DA 3697, DA 9948, Parks 20884, DA 10786, Smith 6026, Krauss 413
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1956) (voucher ID: BISH 33620) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1957) (voucher ID: BISH 33621) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 33622) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 187381) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1943) (voucher ID: BISH 187382) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1941) (voucher ID: BISH 187383) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1927) (voucher ID: BISH 187385) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 658578) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 152) var. aculeata (L.) Moldenke
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 648837) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 295) Voucher cited: Florence 5016
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	University of California (2006) "Aggressive weed, favors dry scarps, frequently found with Psidium guajava (Guava)".
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 22326) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 492568) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1981) (voucher ID: BISH 493169) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 574240) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 33) Voucher cited: Sachet 944 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 295) Voucher cited: BRY 24845
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 295) Voucher cited: BRY 25974
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 493171) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 493172) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tuamotu Island		Welsh, S. L. (1998)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 545584) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 545611) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 506) Vouchers cited: Stone 4759 (GUAM), Stone 5032 (GUAM), Stone 3981 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236) also var. aculeata
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 187369) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1954) (voucher ID: BISH 187370) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 652928) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1963) (voucher ID: BISH 652930) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1320)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1320)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1320)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1320)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lehua Island	introduced	Wood, K. R./LeGrande, Maya (2006) (p. 29) Apparently extirpated.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1320)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1320)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1320)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1320)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced invasive	Toyoda, Takeshi (2003) (p. 285) Naturalized
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 30)
Kiribati Line Islands	Teraina (Washington) Island	introduced cultivated	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 30)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (pp. 51-52) Vouchers cited: Fosberg & Stoddart 54777 (US, HAW, K), Claplp P-71-8 (US) Persisting.
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Orona (Hull) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (pp. 51-52) Vouchers cited: Fosberg & Stoddart 54804 (US) Persisting.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 13) Voucher specimen collected: Imada 2003-151 (BISH 697763)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (2003) (voucher ID: BISH 697763) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236) var. aculeata
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 13)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Maiana Atoll	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 13)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Nonouti Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236) var. aculeata
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Onotoa Atoll		Moul, Edwin T. (1957) (p. 20)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 13)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 453046) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ailinglaplap (Ailinglapalap) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236) var. aculeata
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ailinglaplap (Ailinglapalap) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 187375) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ebon (Epoon) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 424153) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236) var. aculeata
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 103)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 12) "Occasional; few patches around houses, some escaping into ruderal areas and less cultivated areas".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 37)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 421833) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 132)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Maloelap Atoll		Vander Velde, Nancy (year unknown)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236) var. aculeata
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 99)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (pp. 205-206) var. aculeata. Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58599 (US), Fosberg 58798 (US), Scully 101N (US), Thaman & Manner 42 (SUVA), Swarbrick 9563 (BRIU)
New Caledonia Îles Bélep (Belep Islands)	Île Art	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 139) Voucher cited: MacKee 19313
New Caledonia Récifs D'Entrecasteaux (D'Entrecasteaux Reefs)	Île Surprise	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 139) Voucher cited: Boulet in MacKee 31449
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Lifou	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 139) Voucher cited: MacKee 27242
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Tiga	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 139) Voucher cited: MacKee 45943
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 99)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive cultivated	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 383)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 139) Vouchers cited: Germain s.n., Grunow s.n. (W), Raoul s.n., Cribs 959, MacKee 7798, MacKee 29821; f. alba (Mold.) Mold., voucher cited: MacKee 34906
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 10850) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 139) Voucher cited: Baumann 13751
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (pp. 213-214) Voucher cited: CHR 169880
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 39)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 7)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 49)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 9)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236) var. aculeata
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 9, 88)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236) also var. aculeata
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 9, 85)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 187364) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 649812) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 236) also var. aculeata
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 9, 81)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 81645) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 81651) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 81674) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 187376) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 567914) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 9, 81)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 9, 81)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 90)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngercheu Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 9, 92) Carp Resort
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	New Britain Island	introduced	Cronk, Q. C. B./Fuller, J. L. (2001) (p. 83)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 62)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 66, 77)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Oeno Atoll	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 103) Forest, fernland.
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 103) Forest, fernland.
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	St. John, H. (1987) (p. 48) Vouchers cited: R. A. Young 19, St. John 15039, J. P. Chapin 937
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Paulay, Gustav/Spencer, T./Oliver, Royce (1989) (p. 15) Voucher cited: Paulay, Spencer & Schuster 697 (US)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 643371) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Aleipata Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1983)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 10)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 10)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 28833) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 187388) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 187389) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 187390) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 416652) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 511222) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 93)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced invasive	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 84)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘afeva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 640310) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘ano Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 9)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka and Foa Islands	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 9)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	‘Uiha Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 9)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 9)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 230) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15426
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 187387) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 9)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 81) Vouchers cited: Crosby 292, Soakai 236, Soakai 423
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 230) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15002
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 187386) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 699120) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara var. aculeata
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 611038) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 1000764) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 9)
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Nui Atoll		Woodroffe, C. D. (1985) (p. 15) Voucher cited: Woodroffe 166 (CHR)
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Tuvalu Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 93)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Midway Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1320)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Êfaté (Efete) Island		? (year unknown)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Êfaté (Efete) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1903) (voucher ID: BISH 187378) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Êfaté (Efete) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 416651) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Espirito Santo Island		? (year unknown)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Malakula (Malekula) Island		? (year unknown)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Malakula (Malekula) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1986) (voucher ID: BISH 509053) Taxon name on voucher: Lantana camara L.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Tanna Island		? (year unknown)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)	introduced	Cronk, Q. C. B./Fuller, J. L. (2001) (p. 83)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 39)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands	introduced	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 107) "Potential invader". Gardens, secondary vegetation.

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	New South Wales	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 301)
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (p. 32)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (p. 32)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 66, 77)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced invasive	Li-ying, Li/Ren, Wang/Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (pp. 173, 179)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 207)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 207)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 207)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 66, 77)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 77, 77)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	Weber, Ewald (2003) (p. 228)
Negara Brunei Darussalam Brunei	Brunei (Negara Brunei Darussalam)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 66, 77)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Owen, S. J. (1997)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive cultivated	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 1274) "Roadsides and waste places in and around settlements; cultivation escape often spread by birds".
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 302)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 207)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 66, 77)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 77, 77)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 66, 77)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	MacDonald, I. A. W./Thebaud, C./Strahm, W. A./Strasberg, D. (1991) (pp. 51-61)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Lavergne, Christophe (2006) "Très envahissant"
Maldives Maldive Islands	Maldive Islands	introduced invasive	Pallawatta, Nirmalie/Reaser, Jamie K./Gutierrez, Alixis T./eds. (2003) (p. 62)
Mascarene Islands Mascarene Islands (Mauritius, La Reunion, Rodrigues)	Mascarene Islands	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 302)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)

Comments:  A major invasive species in the Galápagos Islands. A serious problem on Tonga. A pest plant in Australia, South Africa and India among many other locations. On New Zealand noxious weed list and banned from sale in that country. Invasive on La Reunion Island and Rodrigues Island (Indian Ocean).

Many occurrences in Micronesia appear to be localized, probably as a result of introduced and natural biological control agents. However, it is very prevalent on Saipan and Tinian (Space & Falanruw, 1999). It was reported to be once present on Rota but eradicated. It was not seen on a survey of the island (Space et al., 2000).

On Niue, the plant seems to be under control of the introduced biological agents (Space & Flynn, 2000).

Lantana is widespread on ‘Atiu, Cook Islands, but is a minor component of the vegetation on Rarotonga, possibly as a result of biocontrol agents (Space & Flynn, 2002).

Control: 

Physical: Small plants may be hand pulled; older individuals need to be dug out. Burning without follow-up treatments is ineffective and may increase populations.

"Controlled by cultivation and uprooting.  Suppressed by slashing and occasional (every few years) hot fires, especially if combined with vigorous, well-adapted and not over-grazed pastures, preferably of tall grasses and climbing legumes" (Swarbrick, 1997; pp. 26-27).

"Anecdotal evidence suggests trampling during intensive grazing is effective because of the brittle wood of lantana.  However, annual mowing is not effective in removing lantana.  Goats will control lantana (An Peischel).  Isolated plants can be controlled by grubbing or pulling with care to remove all lateral roots.  Burning without follow-up treatments is ineffective and may increase populations"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Chemical:  "Susceptible to:  1) translocated herbicides, including glyphosate, 2,4-D, fosamine, dichlorprop and triclopyr at standard rates; glyphosate is most effective as an overall foliar spray.  Probably susceptible to residual herbicides, including hexazinone and bromacil at standard rates."  (Swarbrick, 1997; pp. 26-27)

"Very sensitive to glyphosate applied foliarly. Metsulfuron may be effective if application is timed before annual droughts. Triclopyr ester applied basal bark effective but foliar application of triclopyr ineffective. Foliar applications of 2,4-D and dicamba ineffective; picloram effective. Soil application of tebuthiuron effective at 3 lb/acre; hexazinone in "hot spot" soil application effective. Kline and Duquenel  reported moderate control with triclopyr ester at 10% of product applied basal bark and triclopyr amine at 50% of product applied cut-surface. Imazapyr at 10% of product applied cut-surface and at 1% applied foliarly provided good control. Glyphosate applied basal bark with the surfactant Quiksorb® (Monsanto) looked promising in trials in Kona and Kaua‘i but erratic in Hilo, a wetter site" (Motooka et al., 2003).

Biological: Biological control agents are available for this species and are very often effective. Considerable work has been done on biological control of this species in Micronesia which is summarized by Denton et al. (1991). See also Muniappan and Viraktamath (1986), Muniappan (1989) and Muniappan et al. (1996). See also Julien (1992; pp. 89-108, 138-141) and Waterhouse and Norris (1987) for a summary of world-wide biological control efforts.

Epinotia lantana (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidate) introduced to Pohnpei and Yap and exerting some control. Spread to Palau. Established on the Marshall Islands but effect unknown. Spread to Guam, Saipan and Tinian. With Lantanophaga pusillidactyla causes 70-80&percent; decline in berry production. Diastema tigris Guenée (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) introduced to Pohnpei but establishment unknown. Hypena strigata (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) released on Pohnpei and Yap. Established on Yap. Establishment unknown on Pohnpei. Released on Guam, not effective. Present on Aguijan, Saipan and Tinian. Effects unknown. Lantanophaga pusillidactyla (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae) released on Pohnpei and on Palau in 1960. Established on both islands and exerting some control on Pohnpei. Also present on Truk and Yap. Spread to Mariana Islands (see above). Leptobyrsa docora Drake (Hemiptera: Tingidae) released on Palau, establishment unknown. Released in Mariana Islands, not established. Neogalea esua (Druce) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) released on Pohnpei, establishment unknown. Octotoma scabripennis Guérin-Méneville (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) released on Guam, not established. Ophiomyia lantanae Froggatt (Diptera: Agromyzidae) released on Pohnpei, establishment doubtful; present on Palau. Released on Guam, established and effective; spread to Saipan and Tinian. Plagiohammun spinipennis (Thompson) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) released on Guam and Palau, not established. Pseudopyrausta acutangulalis (Sneller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) released on Pohnpei, establishment unknown. Salbia haemorrhoidalis Guenee released and established on Pohnpei. Released on Palau in 1960 and on Yap in 1962 but establishment doubtful. Released on Guam; not established. Teleonemia scrupulosa Stal (Hemiptera: Tingidae) released on Pohnpei and established. Taken to Palau in 1960 and Yap in 1962. Established on Palau but not on Yap. Spread to Chuuk and thriving there. Released on Saipan, established but effects unknown. Released on Guam 1969 and 1971 and provides good control. Present on Aguijan and Tinian. Uroplata girardi Pic released and established on Pohnpei. Taken to Palau in 1974. Established but effects unknown. Present on Chuuk. Released on Saipan but effect unknown. Released on Guam and established. Provides partial to substantial control. Recently distributed to Tinian, under evaluation (Julien, 1992; pp. 89-108, 138-141). Introduced to Vanuatu in 1984 but no monitoring.

"First plant subjected to biocontrol by any government agency.  Over two dozen biocontrol agents have been released to control it in Hawai‘i with results varying from ineffective to spectacular. The most effective are the defoliating caterpillar Hypena strigata; the seed-destroying fly Ophiomyia lantanae, and the lace bug Teleonemia scrupulosa. In places, infestations of lantana by biocontrol agents are universal but the effect on the population is not obvious even after decades of once- or twice-annual cycles of defoliation. Yet some areas have been cleared of lantana leading to a premature declaration of victory over it"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

The lantana stem-sucking bug (Acanophora compressa), has been introduced to Australia (Rachel McFadyen, communication to Aliens listserver).

Additional information:  Information from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).
Photos and additional information at University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants.
Photo and information on the Environment Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, web site.
Additional information at the Woody Plant Ecology web site.
Fact sheet from the Department of Natural Resources, Queensland, Australia. (PDF format)

Additional online information about Lantana camara is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Lantana camara may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1903. Voucher specimen #BISH 187378 (Seale, A.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 187388 (Eames, A.J. 116).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 187389 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 94).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1927. Voucher specimen #BISH 187385 (Parks, H.E. 20884).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 187390 (Christophersen, E. 225).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1933. Voucher specimen #BISH 187380 (Smith, A.C. 341).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1941. Voucher specimen #BISH 187383 (Degener, O. 15026).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1943. Voucher specimen #BISH 187382 (Greenwood, W. 575A).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 187362 (Hosaka, E.Y. 3516).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 187363 (Fosberg, F.R. 24492).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 187375 (Fosberg, F.R. 26852).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 421833 (St.John, H. 21794).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 424153 (St.John, H. 22118).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 187372 (Wong, C.C.Y. 254).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 187381 (Smith, A.C. 6026).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1948. Voucher specimen #BISH 187371 (Wong, C.C.Y. 558).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 10850 (Bryan; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 187377 (Glassman, S.F. 2435).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 187364 (Fosberg, F.R. 32388).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 187376 (Fosberg, F.R. 32111).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 187369 (Fosberg, F.R. 35301).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 187384 (Smith, A.C. 7501).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 187386 (Yuncker, T.G. 15002).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 187387 (Yuncker, T.G. 15426).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1954. Voucher specimen #BISH 187370 (Fosberg, F.R. 35421).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1956. Voucher specimen #BISH 33620 (Nand, S. 9981).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1957. Voucher specimen #BISH 33621 (Nand, S. 10786).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 33622 (Narayan, R. 11446).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1963. Voucher specimen #BISH 652930 (Fosberg, F.R. 43487).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1964. Voucher specimen #BISH 187400 (Krauss, N.L.H. 958A).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 81644 (Cushing, M.V. 619).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 652928 (Evans, M. 691).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 652929 (Evans, M. 794).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 652952 (Fosberg, F.R. 46509).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1966. Voucher specimen #BISH 81651 (Blackburn, B.S. E 66).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 22326 (Smith, H.M. 42).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 81645 (Hardy, S. 98).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 453046 (Adair, F. GLBT/27/FA).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 28833 (Bristol, M.L. 2306).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 81674 (Fosberg, F.R. 50616).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 567914 (Fosberg, F.R. 50616).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 81924 (Stoddart, D.R. 2110).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 699120 (Weiner, M.A. T 14).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 409986 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1407).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 611038 (Kirch 179).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000764 (Kirch 179).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 416651 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1455).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 416652 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1442).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 438223 (Fosberg, F.R. 58485).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 588140 (Fosberg, F.R. 59995).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 588312 (Fosberg, F.R. 59849).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1981. Voucher specimen #BISH 493169 (Florence, J. 2209).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 493171 (Florence, J. 2792).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 493172 (Florence, J. 3003).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 640310 (G.Buelow 3209).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 492568 (Florence, J. 4716).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 545584 (Florence, J. 6153).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 545611 (Florence, J. 5992).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 574240 (Florence, J. 5016).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1986. Voucher specimen #BISH 509053 (Krauss, N.H. 3008).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 511222 (Krauss, N. 1908).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 511405 (Krauss, N. 1882).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 643371 (Florence 10749).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 648