Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel, Cyperaceae

Click on an image for links to BIGGER PICTURES

Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Cyperus kyllingia Endl.; Kyllinga cephalotes (Jacq.) Druce; Kyllinga monocephala Rottb.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chamorro: botoncillo, chaguan lemae, chaguan lemai, chaguan ni, manonogcha lemai

Chinese: dan sui shui wu gong

English: nut grass, white kyllinga, white water sedge, white-flowered kyllinga, whitehead spikesedge

Fijian: pako

Hawaiian: kili‘o‘opu, mau‘u mokae

Mangarevan: mutie iwa

Maori (Cook Islands): matie karanga, mauku ‘ōniāni, neke ‘enua, neke ‘enua, tama ‘enua

Other: te mouku

Pohnpeian: limeiseri, lingkarak tikitik, rehlingkarak

Pukapukan: vayavaya

Samoan: mo‘u upo‘o, mo‘u upo‘o, mutia, ta‘ata‘a vili taliga, tuise, tuise

Tahitian: matie Tahiti, matie upo‘o, mo‘u upoo, mo‘u upo‘o, mo‘u upo‘o no‘ano‘a, mo‘u upo‘o uo‘uo, mo‘u upo‘onui, pakopako, pakopako ‘ae kuma

Tongan: pakopako, tuise

Habit:  sedge

Description:  "Perennial creeping sedge spreading by means of a long-creeping rhizome.  Culms tufted or spaced, erect, up to 55 cm in height, 3-angled.  Leaves many, usually shorter than the culm, linear, 1.5-3 mm wide, leaf sheath brown to purple-brown.  Inflorescence a globose terminal head 5-10 mm in diameter, sometimes with 2 or 3 smaller fused lateral ones, subtended by 3 or 4 unequal, spreading, leafy bracts up to 20 cm long.  Spikelets ovate to lanceolate, white, 2.5-3 mm long, 1-flowered.  Glumes usually 5, upper ones longest, boat-shaped, white varigated with brown, with a green keel.  Stamens 3.  Ovary superior, stigmas 2.  Fruit an oblong to suborbicular, lens-shaped achene 1.2-1.5 mm long, brown" (Whistler, 1995; p. 149).

Habitat/ecology:  "A major weed of improved pastures, but also occurs in crops, gardens, plantations and roadsides.  It grows best in moist fertile soil that is seldom cultivated and in full sunshine"  (Swarbrick, 1997; ). Moist disturbed areas up to 850 m elevation.  In Hawai‘i, "naturalized primarily in gardens and lawns, from sea level up to at least 200 m"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1413).  In Fiji, "a naturalized adventive occurring from near sea level to 850 m and often locally common"  (Smith, 1979; pp. 262-263).

Propagation:  Rhizomes, seed [?]

Native range:  Old world tropics, early introduction to the Pacific and a European introduction to Hawai‘i.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	native	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 46)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: Harris 318, Whistler 1370, Whistler 3333
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 26) Voucher cited: W. Harris 318 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 110414) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 110415) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 110416) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1983) (p. 17) Vouchers cited: Whistler 3368, Bryan 951
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 430381) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	native	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 36)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Setchell, William Albert (1924) (p. 110) As Kyllingia monocephala Rottb.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1959) (voucher ID: BISH 110418) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 110419) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1920) (voucher ID: BISH 110420) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 110422) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 110423) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 110424) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1993) (voucher ID: PTBG 27466) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 66)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 16) Voucher cited: Falanruw 2315 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Aguijan (Agiguan, Aguihan) Island	native	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 13)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 66)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 16) Voucher cited: Falanruw 1902 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 65) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-58850
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 66)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 16) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1691 (US), Falanruw 1994 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 667803) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	native	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 13)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 66)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 588185) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 66)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 65) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-58913
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 66)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 38760) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1930) (voucher ID: BISH 110578) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 572589) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Penrhyn (Tongareva) Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Penrhyn (Tongareva) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1965) (voucher ID: PTBG 41617) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Rakahanga Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 75)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1960) (voucher ID: BISH 10198) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1969) (voucher ID: PTBG 41616) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 81)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 87)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 92)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1985) (voucher ID: PTBG 41615) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 98)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 68)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 415790) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 420139) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 699291) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 66)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 561263) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 66)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	probably native	Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 63)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2005) (p. 15) Vouchers cited: Lorence 9406 (PTBG), Flynn 7200 (PTBG) Uncommon
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 38919) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 39563) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 429462) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1997) (voucher ID: BISH 653527) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 24593) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2005) (voucher ID: PTBG 44920) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllinga
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 66)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (pp. 121-122) Vouchers cited: Glassman 2582 (US), Kanehira 733 (NY)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 41) Vouchers cited: A. Dores 91 (NY, BISH, PTBG), A. Dores 196 (NY, PTBG), F.R. Fosberg 58575 (BISH), R. Gallen 69 (NY, PTBG), S.F. Glassman 2582 (BISH), P. Raynor 122 (NY, PTBG) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 110571) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 438252) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 66)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 66)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 66)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 588142) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 262-263) Voucher cited: DA 9075
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 262-263) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 878
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 420119) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 619088) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 262-263) Vouchers cited: Smith 8122, DA 8906
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 110465) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 262-263) Vouchers cited: DA 8756, Greenwood 35A, DA 19787, DA 8863
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1957) (voucher ID: BISH 34159) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 262-263) Vouchers cited: DA 10891, Gillespie 4232, DA 8631, DA 7316, DA 8405, DA 8060, DA 7741, Seemann 670, St. John 18919
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1962) (voucher ID: BISH 34158) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1940) (voucher ID: BISH 110462) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 110463) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1945) (voucher ID: BISH 110464) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Akamaru Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Akamaru Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 9) Voucher cited: St. John 14723 (BISH)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 9) Voucher cited: St. John 14536 (BISH)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J.-C. Thibault 1051 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 7408 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1986) (voucher ID: BISH 545511) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 1000647) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: M.-H. Sachet 1316 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 4239 (PAP), s. nom coll. s.n. (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 555138) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 41414) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllinga
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39585) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllinga
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 318) Voucher cited: Krauss 1652
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence & R. Tahuaitu 11642 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 607237) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1979) (voucher ID: BISH 619011) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 643300) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 17) Voucher cited: Raynal 17819; seen by Fosberg in 1985.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 318) Voucher cited: St. John 14229
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 318) Voucher cited: H.M. Smith 80
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 2210 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 110310) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 318) Vouchers cited: BRY 25415, BRY 26083
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 37)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 318) Voucher cited: Brown & Brown 252
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 37) Voucher cited: Fosberg 54607 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai Island	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 14)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 3004 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491106) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10105 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Rangiroa (Rairoa) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: M.-H. Sachet 1395 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raro‘ia Atoll		Doty, Maxwell S. (1954) (p. 26)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 15) Voucher cited: Sachet 2015 (US)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikehau (Tikahau) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 7115 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 5726 (PAP), J. Florence & W.R. Sykes 11178 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 553660) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 643399) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: A. Varney 15 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 6011 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 110321) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 543339) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 170) Vouchers cited: Stone 4306 (GUAM), MacGregor 440, Necker 343, Nelson 276, Chamisso 167, Safford & Seale 1070, Conover 592
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 66)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1957) (voucher ID: BISH 38759) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1962) (voucher ID: BISH 110569) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1918) (voucher ID: BISH 110572) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1911) (voucher ID: BISH 110577) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1945) (voucher ID: BISH 110579) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 588186) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1413)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1413)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank L. (2003) (p. 11) Voucher cited: Oppenheimer H40119 (BISH, PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1413)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank L. (2003) (p. 11) Voucher cited: Oppenheimer H70116 (BISH, PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1413) Voucher cited: Caum s. n. (BISH)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Kiribati Line Islands	Flint Island	introduced invasive	St. John, Harold/Fosberg, F. Raymond (1937) (p. 4) Voucher cited: St. John & Fosberg 17456 (BISH)
Kiribati Line Islands	Teraina (Washington) Island	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 18)
Kiribati Line Islands	Teraina (Washington) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 603061) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 66)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 401413) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 402277) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ebon (Epoon) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 424155) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 66)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 7) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 26697 (US), Fosberg 41400 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1960) (voucher ID: BISH 38833) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 38872) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 571520) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 66)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Anderson, Donald (1951) (p. ii) Voucher cited: Anderson 3666
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 110570) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 39)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 606427) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Healy, A. J./Edgar, E. (1980) (p. 188)
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1977) (p. 159)
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R./West, C. J. (1996) (p. 456)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 227) Vouchers cited: CHR 150602, CHR 150603
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 43)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 25) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9911 (BISH) "A common weed along roadsides and in waste areas".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 50)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 66)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Raulerson, L./Rinehart, A. F./Falanruw, M. C. (1996) (p. 16)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 66)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1966) (voucher ID: BNM 101) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 66)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 94)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 588188) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1968) (voucher ID: BNM 102) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago		Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 56)
Papua New Guinea Bougainville Islands	Bougainville Island		Foreman, D. B. (1971) (p. 24)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 77)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Merrill, Elmer D. (1925) (pp. 115-116) Common in waste places, open grasslands, etc., at low and medium altitudes.
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10806 (PAP) Adventice
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 641925) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 70)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 67)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1904) (voucher ID: BISH 110417) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 110421) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 416359) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Anuta Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1971) (voucher ID: BISH 699290) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 646946) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Rennell (Mu Nggava) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1933) (voucher ID: BISH 110506) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 93)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 84)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka and Foa Islands	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 73)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 1000870) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 70) "Very common throughout Tonga".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 60)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 70) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15389
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 110426) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 86) Vouchers cited: Moseley s.n., Soakai 197, Soakai 628
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 70) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 15080, Yuncker 15134
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 110429) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Tafahi Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 70) Voucher cited: Hürlmann 532
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 67)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 86) Vouchers cited: Crosby 179, Soakai 1059
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 70) Cited: Crosby.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Ambrym Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 647143) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Êfaté (Efete) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 411222) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Êfaté (Efete) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 424763) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Êfaté (Efete) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 522193) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Espirito Santo Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1971) (voucher ID: BISH 406115) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Tanna Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1971) (voucher ID: BISH 406123) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Tanna Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 424750) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (p. 25)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 43)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 204) As Kyllinga monocephala Rottb.
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 77)
China China	China (People's Republic of)		Hafliger, E. (1092) (p. 51)
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 317) As Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. In wasteland.
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 77)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 77)
Negara Brunei Darussalam Brunei	Brunei (Negara Brunei Darussalam)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 77)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Healy, A. J./Edgar, E. (1980) (p. 188) Voucher cited: W. R. Sykes (CHR 173292)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 77)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	uncertain if introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 53) Weed of uncertain origin
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island		Hafliger, E. (1092) (p. plate)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 77)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 77)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 117)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		Stoddart, D. R./Taylor, J. D., eds. (1971) (p. 146) Voucher cited: Willis & Gardiner 35 (K)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. Arthur (1996) (p. 24)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 204) As Kyllinga monocephala Rottb.
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Alphonse Island		Robertson, I. A. D./Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 180) Voucher cited: Robertson 2886 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Coetivy Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 148) Voucher cited: Robertson 3107 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Cousin Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 21) Voucher cited: Fosberg 52061 (US)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 49) Voucher cited: Robertson 2699
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Platte Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 160) Voucher cited: Robertson 2999 (K)

Comments:  A problem on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) (Swarbrick, 1997; p. 117).

Additional information:
Additional online information about Kyllinga nemoralis is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Kyllinga nemoralis as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Kyllinga nemoralis may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Anderson, Donald. 1951. The plants of Arno Atoll, Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 7. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 4 pp. + 7 pp. appendix.

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1966. Voucher specimen #BNM101(Blackburn E-45).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1968. Voucher specimen #BNM102(Berry 67).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1904. Voucher specimen #BISH 110417 (Vaupel 57).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1911. Voucher specimen #BISH 110577 (McGregor, R.C. 440).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1918. Voucher specimen #BISH 110572 (Nelson, P. 276).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1920. Voucher specimen #BISH 110420 (Setchell, W.A. 111).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 110423 (Eames, A.J. T 4).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 110419 (Garber, D.W. 888).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 110422 (Garber, D.W. 866).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 110424 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 79).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 110421 (Christophersen, E. 472).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 699291 (Wilder, G.P. 1072).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1930. Voucher specimen #BISH 110578 (Kanehira, R. 1056).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1933. Voucher specimen #BISH 110506 (Templeton Crocker Expedition (T.C.); collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1934. Voucher specimen #BISH 110321 (St.John, H. 16602).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 39563 (Takamatsu, M. 472).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 110414 (Harris, W. 362).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 110415 (Harris, W. Lot2504).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 110463 (St.John, H. 18919).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 619088 (St.John, H. 18975).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 110416 (Yuncker, T.G. 9186).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1940. Voucher specimen #BISH 110462 (Degener, O. 13510).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1945. Voucher specimen #BISH 110464 (Greenwood, W. 1131).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1945. Voucher specimen #BISH 110579 (Conover, J.T. 592).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 38760 (Fosberg, F.R. 24875).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 38872 (Fosberg, F.R. 26697).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 38919 (Focke, W.O. 26527).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 424155 (St.John, H. 22123).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 571520 (Fosberg, F.R. 26697).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 110571 (Glassman, S.F. 2582).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 110570 (Anderson, D. 3666).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 110426 (Yuncker, T.G. 15389).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 110465 (Smith, A.C. 8122).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1957. Voucher specimen #BISH 34159 (Koroiveibau, D. 10787).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1957. Voucher specimen #BISH 38759 (Fosberg, F.R. 39232).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 588186 (Whiting, M.G. C23).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1959. Voucher specimen #BISH 110418 (Wisner, A.W. 72).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1960. Voucher specimen #BISH 10198 (Krauss, N.L.H. 459).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1960. Voucher specimen #BISH 38833 (Fosberg, F.R. 41400).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1962. Voucher specimen #BISH 34158 (Qoro 12604).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1962. Voucher specimen #BISH 110569 (Stone, B.C.M. 4306).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1966. Voucher specimen #BISH 110429 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1026).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1966. Voucher specimen #BISH 588185 (Evans, M. 2080).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 110310 (Smith, H.M. 80).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 588188 (Berry, P.T. 67).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1971. Voucher specimen #BISH 406115 (Raynal, J. 16410).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1971. Voucher specimen #BISH 406123 (Raynal, J. 16179).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1971. Voucher specimen #BISH 699290 (Yen, D. 19231).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 401413 (Herbst, D.R. 2761).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 402277 (Herbst, D.R. 2735).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 411222 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1404).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 430381 (Whistler, W.A. W 3368).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 415790 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1482).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 416359 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1514).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 420119 (Garnock-Jones, P.J. 306473).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 420139 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1549).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 429462 (Stemmermann, R.L. 2760).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 607237 (Baré, D. 112).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 424750 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1584).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 424763 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1594).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 438252 (Fosberg, F.R. 58575).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1979. Voucher specimen #BISH 619011 (N.Krauss 1652).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 561263 (Fosberg, F.R. 60327).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 588142 (Fosberg, F.R. 59988).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 491106 (Florence, J. 3004).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 555138 (Florence, J. 4239).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000870 (G.Buelow 2635).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 543339 (Florence, J. 6011).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 553660 (Florence, J. 5726).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 603061 (Wester, L. 2191).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 647143 (N.L.Krauss 1760).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 667803 (Herbst, D.R. 7487).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 522193 (Krauss, N.L.H. 2040).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 572589 (Raulerson, L. 10285).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 646946 (N.L.Krauss 1790).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1986. Voucher specimen #BISH 545511 (Florence, J. 7408).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 606427 (Herbst, D.R. 9206).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000647 (W.L.Wagner 6127).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 641925 (Florence 10806).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 643300 (Florence 11642).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 643399 (Florence 11178).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1997. Voucher specimen #BISH 653527 (Flynn, T. 6310).

Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore. 273 pp.

Doty, Maxwell S. 1954. Floristic and Ecological Notes on Raroia Atoll, Tuamotus. Land biota: vascular plants. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 33. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 41 pp.

Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. 2011. Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP). (online resource).

Foreman, D. B. 1971. A check list of the vascular plants of Bougainville, with descriptions of some common forest trees. Botany Bulletin No. 5. Division of Botany, Department of Forests. Lae, New Guinea. 194 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1983. Natural history of Cousin Island. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.

Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1975. Vascular flora of the northern Marianas Islands. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 22:1-45.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1962. Vascular plants recorded from Jaluit Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 92. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 39 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1987. Flora of Maupiti, Society Islands. The Smithsonian Institution. Atoll Research Bulletin 294:1-70.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesica 20:1-126.

Glassman, S. F. 1952. The flora of Ponape. Bishop Mus. Bull. 209: 1-152.

Hafliger, E. 1092. Monocot Weeds 3. CIBA-GEIGY Ltd., Basle, Switzerland. 132 pp. plus plates.

Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.

Healy, A. J./Edgar, E. 1980. Flora of New Zealand, Volume III: Adventive cyperaceous, petalous & spathaceous monocotyledons. Government Printer, Wellington, New Zealand. 220 pp.

Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. 2010. Checklist of the vascular plants of Pohnpei with local names and uses. Allertonia, in press. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 146 pp.

Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp.

Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. 2002. Invasive/weedy angiosperms in Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Invasive species and their management. Micronesica Suppl. 6:61-65.

Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy. 2005. Botanical survey of the Yela River valley, Kosrae, F.S.M. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, Hawaii. 19 pp.

Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. 2008. Flora of the Marquesas Islands. National Tropical Botanical Garden and the Smithsonian Institution. Online database.

McCormack, Gerald. 2011. Cook Islands Biodiversity Database, Version 2007.2. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotonga.

Merrill, Elmer D. 1925. An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants, vol. 1 [reprint]. Bureau of Printing, Manila. 463 pp.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2007. Rapport de mission sur l'Ile d'Uvea (Wallis & Futuna) du 6 au 17 Novembre 2007: Inventaire preliminaire de la flore vasculaire secondaire [unpublished report]. Délégation à la Recherche, Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Recherche, B.P. 20981 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française. 39 pp.

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 1965. Voucher specimen #PTBG41617(C. R. Long 3170).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 1969. Voucher specimen #PTBG41616(Art Whistler W 5237).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 1985. Voucher specimen #PTBG41615(Art Whistler 5534).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 1997. Voucher specimen #PTBG24593(Tim Flynn 6310).

Ohba, T. 1994. Flora and vegetation of the northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia. Biological Expedition to the Northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia. In A. Asakua & T. Furuki, eds.  Natural History Research, Special issue no. 1, Chiba, Japan: Natural History Museum and Institute. pp. 13-69.

Oppenheimer, Hank L. 2003. New plant records from Maui and Hawai‘i Counties. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2001-2002. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 73:3-30.

Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty]. 1984. Flora of the Bismarck Archipelago for naturalists. Office of Forests, Division of Botany, Lae, Papua New Guinea. 638 pp. ISBN 9980-66-000-7.

Pheloung, P. C. 1995. Determining the weed potential of new plant introductions to Australia: A report commissioned by the Australian Weeds Committee. Agriculture Western Australia. Western Australia.

Raulerson, L. 2006. Checklist of Plants of the Mariana Islands. University of Guam Herbarium Contribution 37:1-69. .

Raulerson, L./Rinehart, A. F./Falanruw, M. C. 1996. A botanical reconnaissance of the proposed Compact-impact road alignment on Babeldaob Island, Republic of Palau. U. of Guam Herbarium Cont. No. 32. 78 pp.

Robertson, I. A. D./Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. 1983. List of plants collected on Alphonse Island, Amirantes. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. 1983. List of plants collected on Coetivy Island, Seychelles. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. 1983. List of plants collected on Platte Island, Seychelles. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. 1983. Vegetation of Frégate Island, Seychelles. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Sachet, M-H. 1983. Takapoto Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago: terrestrial vegetation and flora. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 277. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 41 pp. + photos.

Sachet, M.-H. 1983. Botanique de l'ile de Tupai, Iles de la Societe. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 276. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 26 pp. + photos.

Sachet, M.-H./Fosberg, F. R. 1983. An ecological reconnaissance of Tetiaroa Atoll, Society Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 275. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 67 pp. + photos.

Setchell, William Albert. 1924. American Samoa; part I. Vegetation of Tutuila Island. part II. Ethnobotany of the Samoans. part III. Vegetation of Rose Atoll. The Carnegie Institution of Washington. 275 pp. + illus.

Smith, Albert C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 1. 494 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2000. Observations on invasive plant species in American Samoa.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 51 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2001. Report to the Kingdom of Tonga on invasive plant species of environmental concern.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 78 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2002. Report to the Government of the Cook Islands on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 146 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2002. Report to the Government of Samoa on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 83 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate. 2004. Report to the Government of Niue and the United Nations Development Programme: Invasive plant species on Niue following Cyclone Heta. UNDP NIU/98/G31 - Niue Enabling Activity. 80 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar. 2003. Report to the Republic of Palau on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 174 pp.

St. John, Harold. 1988. Census of the Flora of the Gambier Islands, Polynesia. Pacific Plant Studies 43. Honolulu, Hawaii. 34 pp. [Privately published].

St. John, Harold/Fosberg, F. Raymond. 1937. Vegetation of Flint Island, Central Pacific. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers XII(24):1-4.

Stoddart, D. R./Taylor, J. D., eds. 1971. Geography and ecology of Diego Garcia Atoll, Chagos Archipelago. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 149. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 237 pp.

Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.

Swarbrick, J. T. 1997. Environmental weeds and exotic plants on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean: a report to Parks Australia. 101 pp. plus appendix.

Swarbrick, John T. 1997. Weeds of the Pacific Islands. Technical paper no. 209. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 124 pp.

Sykes, W. R. 1970. Contributions to the flora of Niue. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 200, Wellington. 321 pp.

Sykes, W. R. 1977. Kermadec Islands flora: an annotated checklist. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 219, Wellington. 216 pp.

Sykes, W. R./West, C. J. 1996. New records and other information on the vascular flora of the Kermadec Islands. New Zealand Journal of Botany 34:447-462.

U. S. Government. 2011. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) (on-line resource).

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Vander Velde, Nancy. 2003. The vascular plants of Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Atoll Research Bulletin No. 503:1-141.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Waterhouse, D. F. 1993. The major arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture in Southeast Asia. The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 141 pp.

Welsh, S. L. 1998. Flora Societensis: A summary revision of the flowering plants of the Society Islands. E.P.S. Inc., Orem, Utah. 420 pp.

Wester, Lyndon. 1985. Checklist of the vascular plants of the northern Line Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Reseach Bulletin 287:1-38.

Whistler, W. A. 1983. The flora and vegetation of Swains Island. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 262. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 25 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1988. Checklist of the weed flora of western Polynesia. Technical Paper No. 194, South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 69 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1990. Ethnobotany of the Cook Islands: The plants, their Maori names, and their uses. Allertonia 5(4):347-424.

Whistler, W. A. 1990. The weeds of Manu‘a [unpublished checklist]. 18 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flora of Tonga [unpublished checklist]. 107 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1995. Wayside Plants of the Islands. Isle Botanica, Honolulu. 202 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 2000. Plants in Samoan culture: The ethnobotany of Samoa. Isle Botanica. 234 pp. ISB: 0-9645426-6-8.

Whistler, W. Arthur. 1996. Botanical survey of Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago, British Indian Ocean Territory. Isle Botanica. 49 pp.

World Health Organization. 1998. Medical plants in the South Pacific. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila. 254 pp.

Wu, Te-lin. 2001. Check List of Hong Kong Plants. Hong Kong Herbarium and the South China Institute of Botany. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department Bulletin 1 (revised). 384 pp.

Yuncker, T. G. 1943. The flora of Niue Island. Bishop Mus. Bull. 178. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 126 pp.

Yuncker, T. G. 1945. Plants of the Manua Islands. Bishop Mus. Bull. 184. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 73 pp.

Yuncker, T. G. 1959. Plants of Tonga. Bishop Museum Bull. 220. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 343 pp.

Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong. 2011. Flora of China (online resource).