Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb., Cyperaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Endl. ex Hassk.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: duan ye shui wu gong

Chuukese: nikémméwúr, pwukaringah

English: green kyllinga, green water sedge, Mullumbimby couch, perennial greenhead sedge, short kyllinga, short leaved kyllinga, shortleaf spikesedge

Hawaiian: kaluhā, kili‘o‘opu, manunēnē, mau‘u mokae

Japanese: himekugu

Mangarevan: mutie iwa

Maori (Cook Islands): mauku ‘ōniāni, tumu ‘enua

Palauan: deus, esechesiding

Samoan: tuisē, tuisē, tuse

Satawalese: fithin nar

Spanish: fosforito, juncia corta

Tahitian: mo‘u upo‘lo

Tongan: pakopako

Yapese: bwogorewau, nikamoyr

Habit:  sedge

Description:  "Perennials with slender rhizomes; culms tufted or closely to widely spaced in a single row along the rhizome, slender, 7-30 cm tall.  Leaves few, basal or nearly so, blades herbaceous, linear, shorter than or occasionally as long as the culm, 2-3 mm wide; sheaths brown or purplish brown, membranous.  Inflorescence a single terminal spike or sometimes 2-3 together, these pale green, more or less becoming yellowish green at maturity, globose or broadly ovoid-globose, 5-10 mm long and as wide; involucral bracts 3, leaf-like, unequal in length; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, compressed, 3-3.5 mm long, ca. 1 mm wide, jointed at base; glumes 4, pale green, membranous, the first one elliptic-lanceolate, the second ovate, and the third and fourth boat-shaped, folded, the keel acute, sometimes with resinous spots, 7-nerved including midnerve, the keel sparsely spinulose toward apex, apex mucronate, the mucro straight or slightly recurved.  Achenes brown, obovate, lenticular, ca. 1.5 mm long, puncticulate"  (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1411-1413).

Habitat/ecology:  "In wet soil of both open and shady habitats, and in wet sand near the shore" (Wiggins & Porter, 1971; p. 800). "Common to abundant in lawns, pastures, and other wet, sunny, disturbed places. It is one of the most common pasture weeds in Samoa" (Whistler, 1983; p. 78).

In Hawai‘i "naturalized in disturbed areas such as gardens and lawns, roadsides, pastures and along trails in mesic to wet forest, 20-1,220 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1411-1413).  In Fiji, "naturalized and often locally common from near sea level to 1,100 m in wet open places, swampy pastures, and cane fields, on rocks along streams in dense forest, river banks, hillsides and cleared mountain ridges, and along roadsides" (Smith, 1979; pp. 261-262). In Papua New Guinea "A plant of wet land, often seen in plantations and pasture.."  (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p. 29). In Tonga, "occasional in plantations and grassy areas" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 68). In New Zealand, "Rhizomatous, grassy, turf-forming, it sometimes forms dense extensive swards on damp flats, as in parts of North Auckland and the Bay of Plenty. At times it invades poorer pasture on damp soils, is grazed by both sheep and cattle, and is tolerant of trampling. It occurs in some lawns in the Westport district, gradually replacing the sown sward" (Healey & Edgar, 1980; p. 184).

Propagation:  Seed, rhizomes (Whistler, 1983; p. 78).

Native range:  Pantropical weed; in Asia extending northward to the warm temperate regions of China and northern Honshu, Japan (Smith, 1979; pp. 261-262).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: Harris 91, Yuncker 9186, Yuncker 9276, Whistler 1385
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 25) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9276 (BISH), Yuncker 9186 (BISH), W. Harris 91 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 110354) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1991) (voucher ID: PTBG 11514) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolia
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1983) (p. 16) Voucher cited: Whistler 3414
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 430388) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 110355) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1975) (voucher ID: BISH 430373) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced	Pickard, J. (1984) (p. 204)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 22) "In wet grassy areas, often forming a turf". Vouchers cited: A.C. Beauglehole 5479 (CANB, MEL), A.C. Beauglehole 5480 (CANB, MEL), R.D. Hoogland 8744 (CANB)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 11) "In wet grassy areas, often forming a turf". Vouchers cited: N. Gillett D7 (Herb. Gillett), P.S. Green 1365 (A), R.M. Laing (CHR)
Chile (offshore islands) Rapa Nui (Easter) Island	Rapa Nui (Easter) Island (Isla de Pasqua)	native	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2008) (p. 28)
Chile (offshore islands) Rapa Nui (Easter) Island	Rapa Nui (Easter) Island (Isla de Pasqua)	native	Skottsberg, Carl (1953) (p. 69)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 15) Voucher cited: Falanruw 2179 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 667790) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. [may be '(Rottb.) Hassk.']
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 667793) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. [may be '(Rottb.) Hassk.']
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	native	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 13)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 635215) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. [may be '(Rottb.) Hassk.']
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 1000055) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. [may be '(Rottb.) Hassk.']
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 572587) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Pukapuka Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Rakahanga Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1985) (voucher ID: PTBG 41614) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 68)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 420142) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1982) (voucher ID: PTBG 41613) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Chuuk Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 110516) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Losap Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Murilo (Mwiriné) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namonuito (Namonweito, Nómwun Wiité) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Nomwin (Nómwiin) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	native	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 36) Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 137 (GUAM).
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1935) (voucher ID: BISH 39557) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 561278) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Waguk, Erick E. (2000) (p. Voucher specimen) Voucher: Waterhouse 5775 (BISH, GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	native	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 7)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Kapingamarangi Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 120) Voucher cited: Glassman 2419 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 41) Vouchers cited: D. Anderson 833 (BISH), F.R. Fosberg 58532 (BISH), S.F. Glassman 2419 (BISH), S.F. Glassman 2582a (BISH), L. Stemmermann 2925 (BISH)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 110512) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 110513) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 429463) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 438311) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2006) (voucher ID: PTBG 47018) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Faraulep (Faraulap) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Faraulep (Faraulap) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 588191) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1948) (voucher ID: BISH 110511) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 588192) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Lamotrek Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1969) (p. 4)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 38920) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 588189) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 588190) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Fiji Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1928) (voucher ID: BISH 110454) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 619089) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 261-262) Voucher cited: Seemann 671
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 261-262) Voucher cited: W.L. Parham s. n.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 261-262) Vouchers cited: DA 10891, Greenwood 35, Greenwood 134, Greenwood 425, DA 2431a, Smith 9628, DA 10542, DA 7866, DA 245, Greenwood 1131, Smith 7128, DA 10621, Milne 15, Graeffe s. n.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1956) (voucher ID: BISH 34162) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 110451) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 110452) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1927) (voucher ID: BISH 110453) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
French Polynesia French Polynesia Islands	French Polynesia Islands		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 62)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Akamaru Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Akamaru Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 9) Voucher cited: St. John 14690 (BISH)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 9) Voucher cited: Fosberg 11087 (BISH)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 9340 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 1000646) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. [may be '(Rottb.) Hassk.']
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1988) (voucher ID: PTBG 8781) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolia
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 6929 (PAP), B. Toutain 4274 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 542911) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. [may be '(Rottb.) Hassk.']
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2004) (voucher ID: PTBG 44722) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolia
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 36)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence & R. Tahuaitu 11763 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 648833) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. [may be '(Rottb.) Hassk.']
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 36)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 318) Vouchers cited: BRY 26033, Grant 4182, MacDaniels 1506, Fosberg 62944
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 5063 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 318) Vouchers cited: Grant 4830, Brown 1928:101
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai Island	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 14)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10118 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 633906) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. [may be '(Rottb.) Hassk.']
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 5776 (PAP), J. Florence & W.R. Sykes 11243 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 550746) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. [may be '(Rottb.) Hassk.']
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 644161) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. [may be '(Rottb.) Hassk.']
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 6371 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 493228) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. [may be '(Rottb.) Hassk.']
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 5545 (PAP), J. Florence 5937 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 553156) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. [may be '(Rottb.) Hassk.']
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1981) (voucher ID: BISH 581532) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. [may be '(Rottb.) Hassk.']
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 170)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 110514) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 589092) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1411-1413)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1411-1413)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1411-1413)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1411-1413)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1411-1413)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1411-1413) Voucher cited: Mann & Brigham 23 (BISH)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007) Var. brevifolius and subsp. leiolepis (Franch. et Sav.) T. Koyama
Kiribati Line Islands	Caroline Atoll	introduced	Kepler, Angela K./Kepler, Cameron B. (1994) (p. 36) "One clump by cistern, South Isl., on recnetly disturbed ground".
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Nonouti Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2006) (p. 3) "Uncommon; patches in grassy areas, many without visible flowers during visit".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 2)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 39)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Mili (Mile) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2010) (p. A5) Uncommon; in moist area and lawn at house to northwest of runway on Mili. Voucher 0720201005 (BISH, GUAM, PTBG)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 93)
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Kermadec Islands	introduced invasive	Healy, A. J./Edgar, E. (1980) (p. 184)
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Macauley Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1977) (p. 159)
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1977) (p. 159)
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R./West, C. J. (1996) (p. 456)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 226) One location. Voucher cited: CHR 150604
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 43)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 624193) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 1001410) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. [may be '(Rottb.) Hassk.']
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 85)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 21)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 65)
Papua New Guinea Bougainville Islands	Bougainville Island		Foreman, D. B. (1971) (p. 24)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	invasive	Henty, E. E./Pritchard, G. H. (1975) (p. 29) In New Guinea from low altitudes to 3000 m, as a weed most troublesome from about 700 to 2000 m.
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 77)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Merrill, Elmer D. (1925) (pp. 114-115) In open grasslands, waste places, etc., at low and medium altitudes; common.
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced	St. John, H. (1987) (p. 24) Vouchers cited: Fosberg & B. Christian 11234, J.P. Chapin 938
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10769 (PAP) Adventice
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1931) (voucher ID: BISH 110356) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 67)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 110352) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 110353) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Gizo Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1974) (voucher ID: BISH 403520) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Ontong Java Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1971) (voucher ID: BISH 601997) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 93)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 84)
Tokelau Tokelau Islands	Tokelau Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 93)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Kotu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 640407) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. [may be '(Rottb.) Hassk.']
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 85) Voucher cited: Parks 16245
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1926) (voucher ID: BISH 110357) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 85) Voucher cited: Soakai 101
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 68) Voucher cited: Hürlmann 4
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 1001957) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Palmyra Atoll	Palmyra Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 573545) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Êfaté (Efete) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1971) (voucher ID: BISH 406131) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. [may be '(Rottb.) Hassk.']
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Malakula (Malekula) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1971) (voucher ID: BISH 406118) Taxon name on voucher: Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. [may be '(Rottb.) Hassk.']
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Tanna Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 415802) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 93)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (p. 25)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 43)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 270)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 270)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Queensland Herbarium (2002) (p. 3) As Cyperus brevifolius
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 270)
China China	China (People's Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 270)
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 317) In thickets on hillslopes, in wet places.
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 270)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 113)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 270)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 77)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 270)
South Korea South Korea	South Korea (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 270)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 77)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 270)
Negara Brunei Darussalam Brunei	Brunei (Negara Brunei Darussalam)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 77)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Healy, A. J./Edgar, E. (1980) (p. 184) Voucher cited: W. T. Ball (AK 98043)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 270)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 77)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	uncertain if introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 53) Weed of uncertain origin
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 270)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 77)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 77)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. Arthur (1996) (p. 24)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Coetivy Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 148) Voucher cited: Robertson 3106 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Poivre Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 169) Voucher cited: Robertson 2372 (K)

Comments:  Moderately invasive in Hawai‘i per Meyer (2000; p. 96).

Additional information:
Additional online information about Kyllinga brevifolia is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Kyllinga brevifolia as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Kyllinga brevifolia may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 0. Voucher specimen #BISH 110514 (Thompson, J.B. 232).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 110353 (Eames, A.J. 41).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1926. Voucher specimen #BISH 110357 (Parks, H.E. 16245).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1927. Voucher specimen #BISH 110453 (Gillespie, J.W. 4232).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1928. Voucher specimen #BISH 110454 (Gillespie, J.W. 3409).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 110352 (Christophersen, E. 167).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1931. Voucher specimen #BISH 110356 (Christophersen, E. 2818).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1935. Voucher specimen #BISH 39557 (Takamatsu, M. 227).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 619089 (St.John, H. 19789).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 110354 (Yuncker, T.G. 9276).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 110355 (Yuncker, T.G. 9436).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 38920 (Fosberg, F.R. 25519).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 110516 (Wong, C.C.Y. 246).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1948. Voucher specimen #BISH 110511 (Burrows, E.G.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 110512 (Glassman, S.F. 2582a).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 110513 (Glassman, S.F. 2419).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 110451 (Smith, A.C. 9628).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 110452 (Smith, A.C. 7128).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1956. Voucher specimen #BISH 34162 (Nand, S. 10621).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 588189 (Fosberg, F.R. 46641).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 588190 (Fosberg, F.R. 47019).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 588191 (Fosberg, F.R. 47378).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 588192 (Fosberg, F.R. 47261).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 589092 (Evans, M. 630).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1971. Voucher specimen #BISH 406118 (Hallé, N. 6402).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1971. Voucher specimen #BISH 406131 (Raynal, J. 16050).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1971. Voucher specimen #BISH 601997 (Bayliss-Smith, T.P. 61).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1974. Voucher specimen #BISH 403520 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1378).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1975. Voucher specimen #BISH 430373 (Whistler, W.A. 3).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 430388 (Whistler, W.A. W3414).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 1001957 (Kirch 184).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 415802 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1460).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 420142 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1528).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 429463 (Stemmermann, R.L. 2925).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 438311 (Fosberg, F.R. 58532).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 561278 (Fosberg, F.R. 60320).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1981. Voucher specimen #BISH 581532 (Hallé, N. 7132).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 640407 (G.Buelow 3236).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 550746 (Florence, J. 5776).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 553156 (Florence, J. 5545).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 493228 (Florence, J. 6371).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 542911 (Florence, J. 6929).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 572587 (Raulerson, L. 7002).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 635215 (Herbst, D.R. 7235).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 667790 (Herbst, D.R. 7474).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 667793 (Herbst, D.R. 7477).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000055 (Herbst, D.R. 7235).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 573545 (Herbst, D.R. 8872).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000646 (W.L.Wagner 6129).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 633906 (Florence 10118).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 624193 (A.K.Kepler 92-134).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 644161 (Florence 11243).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 648833 (Florence 11763).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 1001410 (A.K.Kepler 92-167).

Cardenas, Juan/Reys, Carlos E./Doll, Jerry D./Pardo, Fernando. 1972. Tropical weeds; malezas tropicales, vol. 1. International Plant Protection Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 341 pp.

Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore. 273 pp.

Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. 2011. Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP). (online resource).

Foreman, D. B. 1971. A check list of the vascular plants of Bougainville, with descriptions of some common forest trees. Botany Bulletin No. 5. Division of Botany, Department of Forests. Lae, New Guinea. 194 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1969. Plants of Satawal Island, Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 132. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 13 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.

Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1975. Vascular flora of the northern Marianas Islands. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 22:1-45.

Fosberg, F. R./Otobed, D./Sachet, M.-H./Oliver, R. L./Powell, D. A./Canfield, J. E. 1980. Vascular plants of Palau with vernacular names. Department of Botany, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 43 pp.

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Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.

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Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. 2010. Checklist of the vascular plants of Pohnpei with local names and uses. Allertonia, in press. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 146 pp.

Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James. 1997. World weeds: natural histories and distribution. John Wiley & Sons. 1129 pp.

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Kepler, Angela K./Kepler, Cameron B. 1994. The natural history of the Caroline Atoll, Southern Line Islands. Part I. History, physiography, botany, and isle discriptions. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 397. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 225 pp.

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy. 2010. Checklist of the plants of Kosrae. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 26 pp.

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Merlin, M./Juvik, J. 1996. Irá me neeniier nón Chuuk: Plants and their Environments in Chuuk. Program on Environment, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, 121 pp. .

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