Juniperus bermudiana L., Cupressaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 7 (Go to the risk assessment)

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: bai mu da yuan bai

English: Bermuda juniper, Bermuda redcedar, Bermuda-cedar

French: genévrier des Bermudes

Spanish: enebro de las Bermudas

Habit:  tree

Description:  "Small to medium-sized introduced evergreen tree with small scalelike leaves. Trunk straight, with many branches in compact cone-shaped crown to 40 ft (12 m) high. Bark brown, furrowed into scaly ridges and peeling. Inner bark with dead brown outer layer, whitish, fibrous, resinous. Twigs four-angled, stout, more than 1⁄16 inch (1.5 mm) wide. Leaves paired, scalelike, overlapping in four rows against twig, blunt-pointed, 1⁄16 inch (1.5 mm) or more in length, with groove along back, gray green. Leaves on young plants in groups of 3, awl-shaped, to 1⁄2 inch (13 mm) long, those on older twigs in groups of 2, 3-angled, pointed, to 3⁄16 inch (5 mm) long. Trees male and female, the male (pollen-bearing) cones cylindrical, about 3⁄16 inch (5 mm) long. Female (seed-bearing) cones berrylike, rounded or slightly two-lobed, about 1⁄4 inch (6 mm) long, whitish blue, composed of few united scales, maturing in 1 year. Seeds 2-3, egg-shaped, pointed, shiny brown, grooved"  (Little and Skolmen, 1989).

Habitat/ecology:  "In Hawaii, Bermuda juniper is grown as an ornamental and in hedges. It is also planted in the Forest Reserves on a small scale. Between 1921 and 1953, 6500 trees were planted in the forests on all islands"  (Little and Skolmen, 1989).

Propagation:  Seed, dispersed by birds (Oppenheimer, 2008; p. 26).

Native range:  Bermuda (GRIN)

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island		Bishop Museum (U.S.A. Hawaii. Honolulu.) (1942) (voucher ID: BISH 115383) Taxon name on voucher: Juniperus bermudiana
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island		Bishop Museum (U.S.A. Hawaii. Honolulu.) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 423529) Taxon name on voucher: Juniperus bermudiana
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Oppenheimer, Hank (2008) (p. 26) Voucher cited: Oppenheimer H120641 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Oppenheimer, Hank L. (2002) (p. 21) West Maui. Vouchers cited: Oppenheimer H119816 (BISH), Oppenheimer H119817 (BISH), E.Y. Hosaka & M.C. Neal s.n. (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island		Bishop Museum (U.S.A. Hawaii. Honolulu.) (1986) (voucher ID: BISH 514544) Taxon name on voucher: Juniperus bermudiana
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island		Bishop Museum (U.S.A. Hawaii. Honolulu.) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 115390) Taxon name on voucher: Juniperus bermudiana
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 65) Vouchers cited: Le Rat 1048, Franc 2322

Additional information:
Information from the Global Invasive Species Database.

Additional online information about Juniperus bermudiana is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Juniperus bermudiana as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Juniperus bermudiana may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Bishop Museum (U.S.A. Hawaii. Honolulu.). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH115390(Judd, C.S. s.n.).

Bishop Museum (U.S.A. Hawaii. Honolulu.). 1942. Voucher specimen #BISH115383(Fagerlund, G.O. 220).

Bishop Museum (U.S.A. Hawaii. Honolulu.). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH423529(Little, E.L.Jr . 31185).

Bishop Museum (U.S.A. Hawaii. Honolulu.). 1986. Voucher specimen #BISH514544(Hobdy, R.W. 2509).

Little, Elbert L./Skolmen, Roger G. 1989. Common forest trees of Hawaii (native and introduced). USDA Agriculture Handbook 679. Washington, D.C. 377 pp. + plates.

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

Oppenheimer, Hank. 2008. New Hawaiian plant records for 2007. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2007. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 100:22-38.

Oppenheimer, Hank L. 2002. The spread of gymnosperms on Maui: a neglected element of the modern Hawaiian Flora. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2000. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 68:19-23.

Porcher, Michel H. 2011. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database. The University of Melbourne, Australia. Online resource.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.