J.S.Presl, Poaceae
|
|
|
|
J.S.Presl, Poaceae |
|
Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Primarily a threat at high elevations? no
Risk assessment results: Reject, score: 20 (Go to the risk assessment)
Other Latin names: Ischaemum digitatum var. polystachyum ((presl) Hackel
Common name(s): [more details]
|
Chinese: cu sui ya zui cao |
|
Chuukese: fatil |
|
English: paddle grass |
|
Kosraean: mah |
|
Pohnpeian: reh padil |
Habit: grass
Description: "Sprawling grass, with long decumbent culms finally ascending to 4 ft.; pubescence of nodes, sheaths and blades variable; racemes 4-7, 3 in. long, spreading; rachis joints and pedicels trigonous, the angle scabrous or short-ciliate, about 4 mm long, bowed equally away from each other; fertile lemma of sessile spikelet bearing a twisted geniculate awn" (Henty, 1969; p. 117).
"Habit: Perennial. Rhizomes elongated. Culms decumbent, or prostrate; 30-150 cm long; without nodal roots, or rooting from lower nodes. Culm-nodes pubescent. Ligule an eciliate membrane; 2.5 mm long. Leaf-blades 5-25 cm long; 3-20 mm wide. Leaf-blade surface glabrous, or pubescent. Inflorescence: Inflorescence composed of racemes. Racemes 2-5(-8); paired, or digitate; unilateral; 3-15 cm long. Rhachis fragile at the nodes; angular; ciliate on margins. Rhachis internodes cuneate; flat and forming a U or V shape with the pedicel in rear view, or flat and forming a U or V shape with the pedicel in rear view and with a basal circular pore between internode and pedicel. Rhachis internode tip transverse; cupuliform. Spikelets in pairs. Fertile spikelets sessile; 1 in the cluster. Companion sterile spikelets pedicelled; 1 in the cluster. Pedicels cuneate; 1 times length of internode; ciliate. STERILE Spikelets: Companion sterile spikelets well-developed; containing empty lemmas, or male; elliptic; laterally compressed; 4-7 mm long; as long as fertile; separately deciduous. Companion sterile spikelet glumes chartaceous; keeled; 7-9 -veined; muticous. Companion sterile spikelet lemmas 2; enclosed by glumes; 1-awned. Fertile spikelets: Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets lanceolate, or oblong; dorsally compressed; 4-7 mm long; falling entire; deciduous with accessory branch structures. Spikelet callus oblong; 1-1.5 mm long; bearded; base obtuse; inserted. Glumes: Glumes dissimilar; reaching apex of florets; firmer than fertile lemma. Lower glume oblong; 1 times length of spikelet; chartaceous; much thinner above; 2-keeled; keeled above; keeled laterally; wingless, or winged on keel; winged above; 5-9 -veined. Lower glume surface convex; glabrous, or pilose, or villous. Lower glume apex entire, or dentate; 2 -fid. Upper glume lanceolate; 1 times length of spikelet; chartaceous; 1-keeled; keeled above; 3-5 -veined. Upper glume apex acuminate. Florets: Basal sterile florets male; with palea. Lemma of lower sterile floret lanceolate; 1 times length of spikelet; membranous; 3-5 -veined; acute. Fertile lemma oblong; 4-6 mm long; membranous; without keel; 3 -veined. Lemma margins ciliate. Lemma apex lobed; 2 -fid; incised 0.5 of lemma length; awned; 1 -awned. Principal lemma awn from a sinus; geniculate; 5-20 mm long overall; with twisted column. Column of lemma awn glabrous. Palea 1 times length of lemma" (GrassBase).
Habitat/ecology: In New Guinea in roadsides, garden clearings and grasslands from sea level to 6,000 feet (Henty, 1969; p. 117).
Propagation: Seed
Native range: Philippines to New Guinea, Polynesia.
Presence:
| Pacific | |||
|
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Rota Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 46-47) |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Rota Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 65-67)
Voucher cited: Hosaka 3036 (US, BISH, POM, NY, L) |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Saipan Island |
native
|
Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 9) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll |
native
|
Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 35)
var. intermidium (Brogn.) Fosb. & Sachet. Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 140 (GUAM), Manner & Mallon 298 (GUAM) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island |
Kosrae Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 46-47) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island |
Kosrae Island |
native
|
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Waguk, Erick E. (2000) (p. Voucher specimen)
Voucher: BMW 5761 (BISH, BRI, GUAM) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island |
Kosrae Island |
native
|
Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 10)
Voucher cited: Lorence 7875 (PTBG) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island |
Kosrae Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 65-68)
Var. intermedium (Brongn.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: d'Urville (P, 2 sheets, syntypes; US, fragment) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island |
Kosrae Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1996) (voucher ID: PTBG 21080)
Taxon name on voucher: Ischaemum polystachyum Presl |
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 46-47) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
introduced
invasive |
Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 90)
"Grassland" |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
native
|
Space, James C./Falanruw, Marjorie (1999) (p. 5) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
native
|
Waterhouse, Barbara (year unknown) (p. Voucher specimen)
Voucher: BMW 5785 (BISH, BRI) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
native
|
Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 58)
Vouchers cited: E. Albert 13 (NY, PTBG), J. Bee 14 (NY), A. Dores 93 (BISH, NY, PTBG), B. Ekiek 38 (BISH, NY, PTBG), E. Eperiam 38 (NY), F.R. Fosberg 26249 (BISH), F.R. Fosberg 58440 (BISH), S.F. Glassman 2317 (BISH), S. Ishikawa 446 (BISH), D.H. Lorence 8048 (K, MO, NY, PTBG, US), D.H. Lorence 9614 (COM, NY, PTBG, US), F. Sohl 11 (NY, PTBG), B.M. Waterhouse BMW5785 (BISH) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 65-68)
Var. chordatum (Trin.) Fosberg & Sachet; vouchers cited: Ledermann 13915 (B); var. intermedium (Brongn.) Fosberg & Sachet; vouchers cited: Fosberg 26249 (US, BISH, POM, NY), Fosberg 26304a (US) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1999) (voucher ID: PTBG 34810)
Taxon name on voucher: Ischaemum polystachum |
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1996) (voucher ID: PTBG 21115)
Taxon name on voucher: Ischaemum polystachyum |
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 29343)
Taxon name on voucher: Ischaemum polystachyum Presl |
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 41832)
Taxon name on voucher: Ischaemum polystachyum |
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 46-47) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 65-68)
Var. intermedium (Brongn.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Fosberg 47253 (US, BISH, POM, NY) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Yap (Waqab) Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 46-47) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Yap (Waqab) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 90)
"Grassland" |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Yap (Waqab) Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 65-68)
Var. chordatum (Trin.) Fosberg & Sachet; vouchers cited: Fosberg 46594 (US), Fosberg 46521 (US, BISH), Fosberg 25534 (US, BISH), Cushing 380a (US), Hosaka 3283 (US, BISH); var. intermedium (Brongn.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Cushing 448 (US) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Yap (Waqab) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 1001457)
Taxon name on voucher: Ischaemum polystachyum J.S.Presl |
|
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
native
|
Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (pp. 234, 236) |
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 46-47) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 46-47) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 65-68)
Var. chordatum (Trin.) Fosberg & Sachet; vouchers cited: Canfield 608 (US), Hosokawa 9643 (US), Hosokawa 6779 (US, fragment), Timberlake & Johannes 3027 (US); var. intermedium (Brongn.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Fosberg 25726 (US, BISH, POM, NY) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
native
|
Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 21)
Vouchers: Lorence 9811 (PTBG, BNM, NY), Lorence 9890 (PTBG, BNM, BISH, NY, US) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 609877)
Taxon name on voucher: Ischaemum polystachyum J.S.Presl |
|
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 661048)
Taxon name on voucher: Ischaemum polystachyum var. chordatum (Trin.) Fosberg & Sachet |
|
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 661162)
Taxon name on voucher: Ischaemum polystachyum var. chordatum (Trin.) Fosberg & Sachet |
|
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 661194)
Taxon name on voucher: Ischaemum polystachyum var. chordatum (Trin.) Fosberg & Sachet |
|
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1981) (voucher ID: BNM 3003)
Taxon name on voucher: Ischaemum digitatum var. polystachyum (Presl.) Hack |
|
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1981) (voucher ID: BNM 3036)
Taxon name on voucher: Ischaemum digitatum var. polystachyum (Presl.) Hack |
|
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1981) (voucher ID: BNM 3027)
Taxon name on voucher: Ischaemum digitatum var. polystachyum (Presl.) Hack |
|
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1982) (voucher ID: BNM 3178)
Taxon name on voucher: Ischaemum polystachyum var. chordatum (Trin.) Fosb. & Sachet |
|
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1982) (voucher ID: BNM 3180)
Taxon name on voucher: Ischaemum polystachyum var. chordatum (Trin.) Fosb. & Sachet |
|
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1982) (voucher ID: BNM 3181)
Taxon name on voucher: Ischaemum polystachyum var. chordatum (Trin.) Fosb. & Sachet |
|
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1991) (voucher ID: BNM 9384)
Taxon name on voucher: Ischaemum polystachyum var. chordatum (Trin.) Fosb. & Sachet |
|
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1982) (voucher ID: BNM 3184)
Taxon name on voucher: Ischaemum polystachyum var chordatum (Trim.) Fosb. & Sachet |
|
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 183)
Taxon name on voucher: Ischaemum polystachum |
|
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 104)
Taxon name on voucher: Ischaemum polystachyum |
|
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island |
native
|
Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 8)
Voucher: Lorence 9779A (PTBG, BNM, NY, TAMU, US) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 71)
Taxon name on voucher: Ischaemum polystachum |
|
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Koror Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 46-47) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Koror Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 65-68)
Var. chordatum (Trin.) Fosberg & Sachet; vouchers cited: Hosaka 3343 (US, BISH), Fosberg 47502 (US, BISH); var. hillii Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Hill 6 (US, holotype; GUAM, isotype); var. intermedium (Brongn.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Otobed PW-10091 |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Malakal Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 46-47) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Malakal Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 65-67)
Var. chordatum (Trin.) Fosberg & Sachet; vouchers cited: Evans 561 (US, BISH, POM, NY) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Ngerkebesang Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 46-47) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Ngerkebesang Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 65-67)
Var. chordatum (Trin.) Fosberg & Sachet; vouchers cited: Fosberg 25656 (US, BISH) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Peleliu Island |
native
|
Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 21)
Voucher: Lorence 9759 (PTBG, BISH, BNM, NY, TAMU, US) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Peleliu Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 42)
Taxon name on voucher: Ischaemum polystachum |
|
|
Palau
Rock Islands |
Aulupse‘el Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 46-47) |
|
Palau
Rock Islands |
Aulupse‘el Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 65-67)
Var. chordatum (Trin.) Fosberg & Sachet; vouchers cited: Fosberg 32366 (US, BISH) |
|
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) |
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) |
native
|
Henty, E. E. (1969) (p. 117)
Common, at roadsides, in garden clearings and grassland, from sea level to 6000 ft., favouring rather wet situations. |
|
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) |
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011) |
|
Philippines
Philippine Islands |
Philippine Islands |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011) |
|
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands |
Solomon Islands |
native
|
Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 84) |
| Pacific Rim | |||
|
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
|
China
China |
China (People's Republic of) |
native
|
Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011)
Moist places on grassy plains and hillsides; 100-400 m. Guangdong, Guizhou, Yunnan. |
|
Indonesia
Indonesia |
Indonesia (Republic of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011) |
|
Malaysia
Malaysia |
Malaysia (country of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011) |
Comments: Although this is a native grass, it is very abundant along roadsides and in disturbed areas. It is particularly aggressive on Pohnpei.
Fosberg et al. (1987; pp. 46-47) list varieties polystachyum, present on Rota and Guam; chordatum (Trin.) Fosb. & Sachet, present on Palau (Babeldaob, Koror, Ngarakabesang, Malakal, and Aulupse'el), Yap, and possibly Pohnpei; hillii Fosb. & Sachet, present on Palau (Koror); and intermedium Brongn., present on Palua (Babeldaob, Koror), Yap, Ifaluk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae.
Additional information:
Information from the Global
Invasive Species Database.
Additional online information about Ischaemum polystachyum is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).
Information about Ischaemum polystachyum as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).
Taxonomic information about Ischaemum polystachyum may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
References:
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1981. Voucher specimen #BNM3003(J. Timberlake & Johannes 3003).
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1981. Voucher specimen #BNM3036(J. Timberlake & Johannes 3036).
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1981. Voucher specimen #BNM3027(J. Timberlake & Johannes 3027).
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1982. Voucher specimen #BNM3178(Timberlake, J. 3178).
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1982. Voucher specimen #BNM3180(Timberlake, J. 3180).
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1982. Voucher specimen #BNM3181(Timberlake, J. 3181).
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1982. Voucher specimen #BNM3184(Timberlake, J. 3184).
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1991. Voucher specimen #BNM9384(Herbst, Stemmermann & Canfield 9384).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 1001457 (Fosberg, F.R. 25534).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 609877 (Herbst, D.R. 9384).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1996. Voucher specimen #BISH 661048 (J.V.Ward 279).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1996. Voucher specimen #BISH 661162 (J.V.Ward 249).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1996. Voucher specimen #BISH 661194 (J.V.Ward 260).
Clayton, W. D./Harman, K. T./Williamson, H. 2002. World Grass Species: Descriptions, Identification, and Information Retrieval (online resource).
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1982. Micronesian Poaceae: Critical and distributional notes. Micronesica 18(2):45-102.
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesica 20:1-126.
Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.
Henty, E. E. 1969. A manual of the grasses of New Guinea. Department of Forests, Division of Botany, Botany Bull. No. 1. Lae, New Guinea. 215 pp.
Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. 2010. Checklist of the vascular plants of Pohnpei with local names and uses. Allertonia, in press. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 146 pp.
Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy. 2010. Checklist of the plants of Kosrae. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 26 pp.
Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. 1989. An Annotated list of the vascular plants of Pulawat Atoll. Micronesica 22:23-63.
Merlin, M./Jano, D./Raynor, W./Keene, T./Juvik, J./Sebastian, B. 1992. Tuhke en Pohnpei: Plants of Pohnpei. Environment and Policy Institute, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, 94 pp.
.
Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2000. Preliminary review of the invasive plants in the Pacific islands (SPREP Member Countries). In: Sherley, G. (tech. ed.). Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Samoa. 190 pp.
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 1999. Voucher specimen #PTBG34810(Francisco Sohl 11).
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2008. Voucher specimen #PTBG42(David H. Lorence 9759).
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2008. Voucher specimen #PTBG71(David H. Lorence 9779A).
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2008. Voucher specimen #PTBG183(David H. Lorence 9890).
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2008. Voucher specimen #PTBG104(David H. Lorence 9811).
Raulerson, L. 2006. Checklist of Plants of the Mariana Islands. University of Guam Herbarium Contribution 37:1-69. .
Space, James C./Falanruw, Marjorie. 1999. Observations on invasive plant species in Micronesia. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. Report to the Pacific Islands Committee, Council of Western State Foresters. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 32 pp.
Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie. 2009. Report to the Republic of Palau: 2008 update on Invasive Plant Species. USDA Forest Service, Hilo, Hawai‘i. 227 pp.
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Waguk, Erick E. 2000. Invasive plant species on Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 43 pp.
Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.
Waterhouse, Barbara. 0. Barbara Waterhouse, pers. com.
Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong. 2011. Flora of China (online resource).