Inga edulis Mart., Fabaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  Evaluate, score: 2 (Go to the risk assessment)

Common name(s): [more details]

English: ice cream bean

French: pacayer, pois doux

Maori (Cook Islands): k!kō, pākaiē

Other: pakai

Spanish: chalaite, cuajiniquil, guaba, guaba de bujuco, guaica de machete, mico, pacay

Tahitian: pakai

Habit:  tree

Description:  "Small trees up to 17 m tall, with broad spreading crown, almost flat; bark gray; trunk usually contorted, cylindrical, 30 cm or more in diameter and branching 1-2 m from base; leaves simply pinnate, 10-30 cm long, with 4-6 pairs of large oval leaflets, each pair separated by a winged rachis, the smallest pair below, the terminal leaflet 1.5 dm long and half as broad, membranous, minutely pubescent on both surfaces; flowers fragrant, sessile, solitary, arranged in crowded heads at tips of stems, peduncles 2-4 cm long, or flowers may be solitary in upper axils and fasciculate and subcorymbose below; calyx puberulent, striate, 5-8 mm long; corolla silky-villous, 14-20 mm long; bractlets oblong-lanceolate, about 5 mm long, caduous by full anthesis; pods with very thickened sulcate margins, 4-angled, up to 2 m long, 1-3 cm in diameter, flat or twisted, with white sweet pulp surrounding the seeds" (Duke, 1983).

"Árbol grande, de hasta 40 m de alto y 65 cm de diámetro, los individuos de gran tamaño con raíces tablares de hasta 1 m de altura y el fuste acanalado en la base por varios metros; corteza externa lisa, color grisáceo pálido, a veces con anillos horizontales, la corteza interna de color rosado o marrón pálido, de 3-5 mm de espesor; hojas compuestas, el raquis alado con 4-6 pares de folíolos elípticos, los más grandes de 10-20 x 4-8 cm, la cara inferior de las hojas con pubescencia de pelos apretados a la superficie; ectarios foliares con una abertura transversalmente comprimida; inflorescencias axilares, a veces agrupadas cerca del extremo de la ramita en las axilas de hojas no desarrolladas, cada inflorescencia de 2-10 cm de longitud con las flores dispuestas en una espiga congesta y subtendida por escamas de 4-8 mm de longitud, suavementefragrantes, color verde amarillento con estambres blancos; legumbre de 30-100 cm de longitud (en plantas cultivadas a menudo más grandes), 2-5 cm de diámetro, color verde grisáceo, cilíndrica, recta o revirada en espiral, con prominencias longitudinales y pubescencia de pelos cortos" (Pennington and Revelo, 1997; pp. 154-156).

Habitat/ecology:  Planted as shade for coffee and cacao trees (Wiggins & Porter, 1971; pp. 649-650). "Abundant along margins of large rivers; common in thickets usually below the high-water mark, and in wooded swamps. Also in ravines, upland woods at edge of rivers and adjacent rainforests. Requires a tropical climate with plenty of moisture. Found from sea level to 2,200 m where there is no frost. Ranging from Subtropical Dry to Moist through Tropical Dry to Wet Forest Life Zone, ice-cream bean is reported to tolerate annual precipitation of 6.4 to 40.0 dm (mean of 9 cases = 16.9 dm), annual mean temperature of 21.3 to 27.3°C (mean of 9 cases = 25.1°C), and pH of 5.0 to 8.0 (mean of 7 cases = 6.6)." (Duke, 1983)

"Es una especie de los claros en bosques pluviales de llanura en tierras no inundable, ocasionalmente reportada en las riberas de los ríos; persiste en la vegetación secundaria" (Pennington and Revelo, 1997; pp. 154-156).

Propagation:  "Propagates naturally by seeds in the forest" (Duke, 1983).

Native range:  "Native to Central and South America, from Mexico Southward. Introduced to Tanzania, and probably elsewhere in the tropics" (Duke, 1983).

"La distribución silvestre de I. edulis se extiende desde Colombia a través de la mayor parte de Sudamérica tropical al este de los Andes hasta la costa de Brasil, en altitudes hasta de 700 m." (Pennington & Revelo, 1997; pp. 154-156)

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Rakahanga Atoll	introduced cultivated	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	cultivated	Tschan, Bill (year unknown)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced cultivated	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 666391) Taxon name on voucher: Inga edulis Mart.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced cultivated	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced cultivated	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced cultivated	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 154654) Taxon name on voucher: Inga edulis Mart.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 154655) Taxon name on voucher: Inga edulis Mart.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 154656) Taxon name on voucher: Inga edulis Mart.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 664049) Taxon name on voucher: Inga edulis Mart.
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcan Sierra Negra	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 583640) Taxon name on voucher: Inga edulis Mart.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 1000419) Taxon name on voucher: Inga edulis Mart.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 52)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 36) Voucher cited: Fosberg 64941 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 153) Voucher cited: Fosberg 61033
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 154642) Taxon name on voucher: Inga edulis Mart.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 492443) Taxon name on voucher: Inga edulis Mart.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 153) Vouchers cited: Moore 323, BRY 25399
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 153) Voucher cited: Fosberg 63513
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 153) Voucher cited: BRY 25724
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 492819) Taxon name on voucher: Inga edulis Mart.
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 553661) Taxon name on voucher: Inga edulis Mart.
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1981) (voucher ID: BISH 581473) Taxon name on voucher: Inga edulis Mart.
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 698041) Taxon name on voucher: Inga edulis Mart.
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 664512) Taxon name on voucher: Inga edulis Mart.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 78) Vouchers cited: Baumann 3784, MacKee 15888, MacKee 23284, MacKee 31831, Benoit in MacKee 37518, MacKee 44028, Chauveau in MacKee 45139
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1979) (voucher ID: BISH 664071) Taxon name on voucher: Inga edulis Mart.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1971) (voucher ID: BISH 664513) Taxon name on voucher: Inga edulis Mart.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 13, 81)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced	Waterhouse, Barbara (year unknown) Northern Queensland
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	uncertain if native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2005)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)	uncertain if native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2005)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	uncertain if native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2005)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)	uncertain if native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2005)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	uncertain if native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2005)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)	uncertain if native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2005)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	uncertain if native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2005)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)	uncertain if native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2005)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	uncertain if native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2005)

Comments:  Becoming invasive in northern Queensland (Barbara Waterhouse, pers. com.)

Additional information:  Fact sheet at Purdue NewCrop web site.
Information from the World Agroforestry Centre's AgroForestryTree Database.

Additional online information about Inga edulis is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Inga edulis may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 154654 (Brown, F.B.H. 187).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 154655 (Wilder, G.P. 1002).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 154656 (Wilder, G.P. 1002).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 154642 (Smith, H.M. 101).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1971. Voucher specimen #BISH 664513 (MacKee, H.S. 23284).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 664512 (MacKee, H.S. 31831).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1979. Voucher specimen #BISH 664071 (MacKee, H.S. 37518).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1981. Voucher specimen #BISH 581473 (Halle, N. 7347).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 492819 (Florence, J. 2374).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 664049 (Sykes, W.R. 399669).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 492443 (Florence, J. 4722).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 553661 (Florence, J. 5725).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 698041 (Florence, J. 5511).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 583640 (Gagné, B.H. 2443).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000419 (W.L.Wagner 6254).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 666391 (Sykes, W.R.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

Duke, James A. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops. Unpublished manuscript.

Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1987. Flora of Maupiti, Society Islands. The Smithsonian Institution. Atoll Research Bulletin 294:1-70.

ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre. 2005. International Legume Database & Information Service. Online searchable database.

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

McCormack, Gerald. 2007. Cook Islands biodiversity and natural heritage. On-line database.

Nielsen, I./Prance, Ghillean T./Edmondson, John. 1983. Légumineuses--Mimosées, Chrysobalanacées, Plombaginacées. Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et Dépendances. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Vol. 12, 139 pp.

Pennington, T. D./Revelo, N. 1997. El género Inga en el Ecuador: morfología, distribución y usos. The Royall Botanic Gardens, Kew. 177 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar. 2003. Report to the Republic of Palau on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 174 pp.

Tschan, Bill. 0. Bill Tschan, pers. com.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2007. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Waterhouse, Barbara. 0. Barbara Waterhouse, pers. com.

Welsh, S. L. 1998. Flora Societensis: A summary revision of the flowering plants of the Society Islands. E.P.S. Inc., Orem, Utah. 420 pp.

Wiggins, I. L./Porter, D. M. 1971. Flora of the Galapágos Islands. Stanford University Press. 998 pp.