Indigofera suffruticosa Mill., Fabaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results: 

More information needed, score: 6 (Go to the risk assessment (Australia))
High risk, score: 11 (Go to the risk assessment (Pacific))

Common name(s): [more details]

Chamorro: aniles

Chinese: ye qing shu

English: anil, anil indigo, Guatemala indigo, indigo, wild indigo

Fijian: vaivai

Hawaiian: ‘inikō, inikoa, kolū

Maori (Cook Islands): ‘initiko

Samoan: la‘au failafo

Spanish: añil, añil de pasto

Tongan: ‘akauveli

Wallisian: ‘akauveli

Habit:  shrub

Description:  "Shrubs or shrublets, erect, 0.8-1.5 m tall. Stems grayish green, with appressed medifixed symmetrically 2-branched trichomes. Stipules narrowly triangular, ca. 4 mm. Leaves 5-10 cm, 11-15 (-19)-foliolate; petiole and rachis adaxially grooved, with appressed medifixed trichomes; petiole ca. 1.5 cm; leaflet blades oblong to oblanceolate, 1-4 x 0.5-1.5 cm, abaxially pale green and with appressed medifixed trichomes, adaxially green and with dense appressed medifixed trichomes or glabrescent, base broadly cuneate to rounded, apex acute to rarely rounded. Racemes 2-3 cm, densely flowered; peduncle very short or absent; bracts linear, ca. 2 mm, caducous, abaxially with appressed medifixed trichomes. Pedicel reflexed in fruit. Calyx ca. 1.5 mm, outside hairy; teeth broadly triangular, as long as tube. Corolla red; standard obovate, 4-5 mm, outside with dense brown trichomes; keel as long as wings, hairy. Stamens 3-4 mm; anthers globose, glabrous, apex mucronate. Ovary densely hairy. Legume deflexed and upwardly falcate, 1-1.5 cm, hairy; endocarp blotched. Seeds 6-8, brown, shortly cylindric, both ends truncate"  (Flora of China online).

"Erect branching shrub to 1 m tall, younger parts pubescent; leaves pinnate, 7-13 cm long; leaflets mostly 9 or 11 (but to 17), dark green, lanceolate-oblong or slightly obovate, puberulent at least dorsally, mucronulate, 1.5-3 cm long, about 4-12 mm wide; rachis reddish-bristly; flowers in slender racemes to 9 cm long; pedicels scarcely 1 mm long; flowers about 3 mm long; corolla pinkish-red; standard obovate; pods curved, reflexed, mostly 1-2.5 cm long, 3-8 seeded, terete, borne packed in clusters" (Stone, 1970; p. 355).

"Arbuste de 1 à 2,5 m de hauteur, reconnaissable à ses feuilles composées de 4 à 8 folioles ovales, ses inflorescences composées de fleurs de couleur rose-saumon et ses petites gousses cylindriques et recourbées contenant 4 à 6 graines cylindriques" (Meyer, 2008; p. 32).

Habitat/ecology:  "Occasional to common on roadsides, bush fallow, and other disturbed places" (Whistler, 1983; p. 48). In Hawai‘i, naturalizes primarily in dry, highly disturbed areas, 3 to 1,160 m (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 676, 1877). In Guam, naturalized "in old fields and along roadsides" (Stone, 1970; p. 355). In Tonga, "a common clearing and waste-area weed" (Yuncker, 1959; pp. 138-139).  "In Puerto Rico, the species grows from near sea level to about 700 m in elevation in areas that receive from about 750 to 1800 mm of precipitation annually. Soils derived from volcanic and sedimentary rocks in a wide range of soil textures are colonized. Good drainage is required, but not high fertility. Wild indigo is not shade tolerant and will not grow under a closed forest stand"  (Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  "Wild indigo is native to Southern United States through tropical and subtropical South America as well as the Caribbean Islands (Howard 1988)"  (Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 46)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: Garber 550, Harris 271, Yuncker 9053, Whistler 1382
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 41) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9127 (BISH), Garber 550 (BISH), W. Harris 271 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1974) (voucher ID: BISH 418089) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1937) (voucher ID: BISH 698015) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 698020) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 698025) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 698027) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 35)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1923) (voucher ID: BISH 698019) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 9) "Uncommon on the Island and possibly only recently introduced, probably by accident". Voucher cited: P.S. Green 1908 (K)
Chile (offshore islands) Rapa Nui (Easter) Island	Rapa Nui (Easter) Island (Isla de Pasqua)	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2008) (pp. 32, 42) "Nous avons observé un unique individu en bordure de route à Vaitea. Une prospection approfondie dans ces zones s’avère nécessaire afin de répérer et d’éliminer tous les individus" (Meyer, 2008; p. 32).
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 112)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 154580) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 154582) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 112)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 154579) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 593728) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 14)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1960) (voucher ID: BISH 10221) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 14)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 14)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 14)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 14)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 697998) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	introduced	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 112)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (p. 183) Vouchers cited: Tothill 102, Garnock-Jones 903
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (p. 183) Voucher cited: Greenwood 393D
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (p. 183) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 393, DA11760, Greenwood 393 B, DA 11323, Vaughan 3202, Bola 104, Smith 9462, Greenwood 393A
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 14568) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 14570) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1955) (voucher ID: BISH 14571) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1955) (voucher ID: BISH 14572) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 154594) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 154595) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 698030) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 4115 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491152) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 4435 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 554400) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 153) Vouchers cited: Setchell & Parks 61, BRY 26335
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: F.R. Fosberg 2274 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 493539) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 335) Voucher cited: Stone 4864 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 112)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 23043) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1918) (voucher ID: BISH 154574) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1911) (voucher ID: BISH 154575) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 154577) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1963) (voucher ID: BISH 154578) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 154581) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1954) (voucher ID: BISH 154583) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 659286) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 676)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 676)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 676)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 676)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 676)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Hughes, Guy D'Oyly (1995) (p. 6) Voucher cited: Hughes s.n. (BISH) Common throughout all lowland areas.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 676)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 676)
New Caledonia Îles Bélep (Belep Islands)	Île Art	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 85) Voucher cited: MacKee 19433
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Maré	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 85) Voucher cited: Däniker 2550
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Ouvéa (Ouvea Atoll)	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 85) Voucher cited: Däniker 2330
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 93)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive cultivated	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 382) Rudérale, nombreuses localités
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	uncertain if native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Baaba	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 85) Voucher cited: MacKee 23225
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 85) Vouchers cited: Pancher s.n. s.loc., Savés s.n., Schlechter 14901, Sarlin 53, MacKee 1994, MacKee 9933, MacKee 31727
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 25) Voucher cited: Sykes 1127
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 15)
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago	probably introduced	Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 229) Only near houses, probably introduced.
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	cultivated	Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (pp. 275-276) In wast places in and about towns, locally abundant; occasionally cultivated
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 12)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1931) (voucher ID: BISH 698017) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 12)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 698016) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1893) (voucher ID: BISH 698018) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 698026) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 93)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced invasive	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 83)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘ano Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 7)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 138-139) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15757
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 698028) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka and Foa Islands	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 7)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	‘Uiha Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 7)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 138-139) "Throughout Tonga"
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 698022) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 7)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 30) Vouchers cited: Soakai 410, Soakai 948 (EI)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 138-139) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15481
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1959) (voucher ID: BISH 41297) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 603514) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 698029) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 7)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 30) Vouchers cited: Moseley s.n., Lawrence 5, Lawrence 65, Soakai 274
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 138-139) Vouchers cited: Hülimann 35, Yuncker 15062
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 41220) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 41265) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 698021) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1926) (voucher ID: BISH 698023) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuafo‘ou Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 138) Voucher cited: Hülimann 653
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 456084) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 7)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 138) Cited: Crosby.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Êfaté (Efete) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 424724) Taxon name on voucher: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 93)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Chile (continental) Chile	Chile (Republic of)	uncertain if native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced invasive cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011)
China China	Hong Kong	introduced invasive cultivated	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 147)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	uncertain if native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Indonesia Indonesia	West Papua Province (Indonesia) (western New Guinea Island) (formerly Irian Jaya)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 184)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	uncertain if native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 50) Naturalised
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
India (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Andaman Islands	Andaman Islands	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
India (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Nicobar Islands	Nicobar Islands	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Rodrigues Island	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 52) Vouchers cited: Procter 4173, Robertson 2694
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)

Comments:  A major weed species in Tonga (Space & Flynn, 2001).

Control:  "La lutte manuelle par arrachage semble possible avec éventuellement un traitement chimique des souches avec un herbicide à base de triclopyr et/ou dicamba" (Meyer, 2008; p. 33).

Additional information:
Fact sheet from "Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories: thamnic descriptions" (PDF format).

Additional online information about Indigofera suffruticosa is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Indigofera suffruticosa as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Indigofera suffruticosa may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 0. Voucher specimen #BISH 154577 (Mertens; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1893. Voucher specimen #BISH 698018 (Reinecke 20).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1911. Voucher specimen #BISH 154575 (McGregor, M.C. 436).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1918. Voucher specimen #BISH 154574 (Nelson, P. 355).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 698020 (Garber, D.W. 550).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 698022 (McKern, W.C. 3).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 698026 (Eames, A.J. 36).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 698030 (Greenwood, W. 393).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1923. Voucher specimen #BISH 698019 (Wilder, G.P. 49).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1926. Voucher specimen #BISH 698023 (Setchell, W.A. 15195).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 697998 (Wilder, G.P. 748).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 698016 (Christophersen, E. 467).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1931. Voucher specimen #BISH 698017 (Christophersen, E. 2542).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1937. Voucher specimen #BISH 698015 (Harris, W. 271).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 698025 (Yuncker, T.G. 9053).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 698027 (Yuncker, T.G. 9127).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 154579 (Hosaka, E.Y. 2874).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 154580 (Fosberg, F.R. 25274).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 154581 (Fosberg, F.R. 25431).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 154582 (Fosberg, F.R. 31762).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 154594 (Smith, A.C. 9613).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 154595 (Smith, A.C. 9462).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 698021 (Yuncker, T.G. 15062).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 698028 (Yuncker, T.G. 15757).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 698029 (Yuncker, T.G. 15481).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1954. Voucher specimen #BISH 154583 (Fosberg, F.R. 35475).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1955. Voucher specimen #BISH 14571 (Koroiveibau, D. 9770).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1955. Voucher specimen #BISH 14572 (Koroiveibau, D. 9682).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 14568 (Parham, J.W. 11348).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 14570 (Koroiveibau, D. 11323).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 41220 (Lawrence, E. 65).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 41265 (Soakai, E. 274).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1959. Voucher specimen #BISH 41297 (Soakai, E. 410).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1960. Voucher specimen #BISH 10221 (Krauss, N.L.H. 478).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1963. Voucher specimen #BISH 154578 (Stone, B.C.M. 4864).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 659286 (Evans, M. 698).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 23043 (Cushing-Falanruw, M.V. 848).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1974. Voucher specimen #BISH 418089 (Whistler, W.A. W 1382).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 456084 (Kirch, P.V. 284).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 424724 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1603).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 491152 (Florence, J. 4115).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 493539 (Florence, J. 2274).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 554400 (Florence, J. 4435).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 593728 (Herbst, D.R. 6821).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 603514 (O'Rourke, L. 236).

Charles Darwin Foundation. 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos. Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos, Ecuador.

Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore. 273 pp.

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Hughes, Guy D'Oyly. 1995. New Hawaiian plant records II. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1994. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 42:1-10.

ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre. 2011. International Legume Database & Information Service. Online searchable database.

Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. 2008. Flora of the Marquesas Islands. National Tropical Botanical Garden and the Smithsonian Institution. Online database.

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