L., Clusiaceae
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L., Clusiaceae |
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Present on Pacific Islands? no
Primarily a threat at high elevations? no
Risk assessment results: Reject, score: 18 (Go to the risk assessment)
Common name(s): [more details]
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English: amber, sweet amber, tutsan |
Habit: shrub
Description: "Shrub, 30-90 cm. Leaves 2.5-) 4-9 cm, sessile or amplexicaul, broadly ovate to ovate-oblong, obtuse or rounded to subapiculate or subacute, when crushed not smelling of goats. Sepals 8-12 (-15) mm, markedly unequal, oblong-ovate to broadly ovate, enlarging in fruit, persistent. Petals 6-10 (-12) mm, obovate. Stamens shorter than petals to slightly exceeding them. Styles shorter than the ovary. Fruit baccate, 7-10 (-12) mm, broadly cylindric-ellipsoid to globose, reddish, becoming black, deciduous" (Davis, 1967; p. 366).
Habitat/ecology: "Woodland margins and stream banks, 250-1300 m" (Davis, 1967; p. 366). "The plant prefers shaded sites and forest edges in regions where annual rainfall exceeds 750 mm" (Parsons & Cuthbertson, 1992; p. 692).
Propagation: Seed, dispersed by birds, and cuttings.
Native range: Western Europe, scattered in southern Europe and Caucasia, northern Iran, western Syria, northwest Africa (Davis, 1967; p. 366).
Presence:
| Pacific Rim | |||
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Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
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Australia
Australia (continental) |
New South Wales |
introduced
invasive |
Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 169)
Also Victoria, Tasmania, southwest Western Australia |
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Chile (continental)
Chile |
Chile (Republic of) |
introduced
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009) |
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New Zealand
New Zealand |
New Zealand (country) |
introduced
invasive |
Owen, S. J. (1997) |
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New Zealand
New Zealand |
New Zealand (country) |
introduced
invasive |
Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 539)
"Escape from cultivation in open forest, forest margins, scrub and other secondary growth, waste places and garden surrounds". |
Control:
Physical: "Isolated plants can be hand pulled or dug out. Roots must be removed to prevent regrowth.
Chemical: An effective herbicide is picloram, best applied before fruits develop" (Weber, 2003; p. 208).
"1. Cut down and paint stump (spring-summer only): metsulferon-methyl 600g/kg (5g/L). 2. Spray (November-January): glyphosate (10ml/L + penetrant) or metsulferon-methyl 600g/kg (5g/10L) or triclopyr 600 EC (50ml/10L) or Yates Hydrocotyle Killer (250ml/10L)" (Weedbusters New Zealand).
Additional information:
Photos and additional information at the Environment Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, web site of the Bay of Plenty Regional Council.
Information
sheet from Weedbusters New Zealand.
Additional online information about Hypericum androsaemum is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).
Information about Hypericum androsaemum as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).
Taxonomic information about Hypericum androsaemum may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
References:
Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. 1998. Potential environmental weeds in Australia: Candidate species for preventative control. Canberra, Australia. Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia. 208 pp.
Davis, P. H./Mill, R. R./Tan, Kit, eds. 1965. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh, University Press. 1965-1988, 10 vols.
Owen, S. J. 1997. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: A database. Working draft. Wellington, New Zealand. Department of Conservation.
Parsons, W. T./Cuthbertson, E. G. 1992. Noxious weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne/Sydney. 692 pp.
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2009. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.
Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. 1988. Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch. 1365 pp.
Weber, Ewald. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 548 pp.