Heliconia spp. Heliconiaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results: 

Low risk, score: -1 (Go to the risk assessment for Heliconia caribaea)
Low risk (based on second screen), score: 6 (Go to the risk assessment for Heliconia stricta)
High risk, score: 11 (Go to the risk assessment for Heliconia psittacorum)

Common name(s): [more details]

Chuukese: aruru ponape, mwakumwak

English: crab claw, heliconia, lobster claw, parrot's-flower, parrot's-plantain

Maori (Cook Islands): tiare pārata‘ito

Samoan: vae paa

Habit:  herb

Description: 

Characteristics of the family: "Medium sized to large rhizomatous herbs usually forming dense clones with erect leafy shoots in groups of few (1-2) to numerous (more than 50); pseudostems composed of overlapping sheathing leaf bases.  Leaves large, distichous, entire, petioles nearly absent (plants then resembling gingers) to long (plants then resembling bananas). Flowers perfect, in erect or pendent inflorescences, consisting of brightly colored, leaf-like, distichous or spirally arranged bracts, each subtending a cincinnus of flowers, each flower in turn subtended by a membranous floral bract; perianth consisting of 2 whorls connate at base with varying degrees of fusion within and between whorls; calyx of 2 connate abaxial sepals and 1 nearly distinct adaxial sepal; petals 3, connate except for distinct margins opposite distinct sepal; pollen-bearing stamens 5, staminode 1, opposite distinct sepal; filaments linear, attached to base of perianth tube; anthers tetrathecal, opening longitudinally; ovary inferior, 3-celled, ovules 1 per cell, erect; style 1.  Fruit a 1-3 seeded drupe, blue or red to orange at maturity.  Seed surrounded by stony, roughened endocarp (pyrenes), embryo straight, endosperm copious"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1440).

H. bihai (L.) L.:  "Herb to 6 m high, coarse, clump forming, arising from branched rhizomes.  Leaves simple, opposite, two-ranked, blade banana-leaf-like, usually 60-180 cm long on a petiole about half as long.  Flowers continuously through the year in some cultivars, more restricted in others; flowers 7-30, borne within 5 to 12 or more thick, folded, ovate bracts mostly 10-25 cm long and all red-orange or with green margins, arranged in one plane on the erect, axillary rachis 25-65 cm long.  Corolla of six fused tepals mostly 5-7 cm long, white and green.  Fruit an ovoid drupe 9-11 mm long"  (Whistler, 2000; p. 243).

H. humilis (Aubl.) Jacq.:  "A coarse, red-bracted herb usually 1.5-2 m in height, grown in gardens near sea level; its bracts have green margins distally, and its perianth segments are white, with green tips"  (Smith, 1979; p. 188).

H. psittacorum L. f.:  "Herb to 1.5 m high or more, arising from an underground rhizome. Leaves simple, alternate, blade lanceolate, usually 15-50 cm long, light green, on a short or long petiole.  Flowers continuously through the year in some cultivars, more restricted in others; flowers several, borne in clusters above two to seven soft, waxy white, slightly folded, red, pink, yellow, or orange, lanceolate bracts mostly 4-13 cm long in an erect, long-stalked, terminal inflorescence 7-18 cm long.  Corolla of six narrow, fused tepals 3.5-4.5 cm long, three-angled, yellow-green to yellow-orange or red, with a dark patch toward the tip.  Fruit a yellow subglobose drupe 5-10 mm long" (Whistler, 2000; pp. 247-248).

Habitat/ecology:  Cultivated as an ornamental. Naturalizing along roadsides in Hawai‘i.

Propagation:  Seed, rhizomes

Native range:  A family comprising a single genus with over 250 species, widespread in the Neotropics with several species native to the South Pacific (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1440).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		? (year unknown) Heliconia bihai, Heliconia laufao. Vouchers: Ioane for P. Diefer 4 (BISH 664744), Garber 943 (BISH 699307)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 113547) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia laufao W.J.Kress
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1930) (voucher ID: BISH 113548) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia laufao W.J.Kress
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 113553) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia laufao W.J.Kress
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1930) (voucher ID: BISH 664744) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia bihai (L.) L.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 699307) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia laufao W.J.Kress
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 109) H. psittacorum
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 572551) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia psittacorum L.f.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	cultivated	McCormack, Gerald (2007) H. psittacorum, H. latispatha
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 75)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	cultivated	McCormack, Gerald (2007) H. psittacorum, H. latispatha
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 80)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	cultivated	McCormack, Gerald (2007) H. psittacorum, H. latispatha
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 92)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 67)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 665686) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia bicolor Benth.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 41) H. latispatha. Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 295 (GUAM); Heliconia sp. Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 248 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 109) H. latispatha
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (2005) (p. 8) H. psittacorum
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (1998) (p. 9) H. psittacorum?
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1933) (voucher ID: BISH 699371) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia paka A.C.Sm.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1933) (voucher ID: BISH 699372) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia paka A.C.Sm.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1933) (voucher ID: BISH 699373) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia paka A.C.Sm.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 618866) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia indica Lam.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 34050) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia paka A.C.Sm.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 699422) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia paka A.C.Sm.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1941) (voucher ID: BISH 699468) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia paka A.C.Sm.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 188) H. psittacorum, H. humilis. Vouchers cited: DA 16710 (H. psittacorum), DA 16227 (H. humilis)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 34049) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia rostrata Ruiz & Pav.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 34051) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia psittacorum L.f.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 34052) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia acuminata L. Richard
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 92774) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia paka A.C.Sm.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1940) (voucher ID: BISH 113554) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia paka A.C.Sm.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1927) (voucher ID: BISH 113555) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia paka A.C.Sm.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1941) (voucher ID: BISH 113556) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia paka A.C.Sm.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1937) (voucher ID: BISH 113557) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia paka A.C.Sm.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1937) (voucher ID: BISH 113558) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia paka A.C.Sm.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 699311) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia acuminata L. Richard
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 699312) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia acuminata L. Richard
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 699313) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia acuminata L. Richard
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 699315) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia psittacorum L.f.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1937) (voucher ID: BISH 699467) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia paka A.C.Sm.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 699475) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia rostrata Ruiz & Pav.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 699476) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia rostrata Ruiz & Pav.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		University of California (2006) Heliconia bihai, Heliconia humilis, Heliconia rostrata
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 349) H. bihai, voucher cited: BRY 26370;H. psittacorum
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 349) H. humilis, voucher cited: Florence 2510; Heliconia illustris, voucher cited: BRY 26002
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 79) H. caribaea, H. psittacorum L. f.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 493016) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia paka A.C.Sm.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 493475) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia humilis
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced cultivated	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 108) Heliconia humilis (Aublet) Jacquin
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 109) H. humilis per Stone, but description sounds like H. psittacorum, (cult.); H. humilis, H. latispatha, H. psittacorum
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1441) H. latispatha
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (1997) (p. 10) H. latispatha; voucher cited: Hume 398 (BISH, PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1441) H. bihai, H. latispatha
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1441-1442) H. bihai, H. latispatha,H. metallica
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Daehler, Curtis C./Baker, Raymond F. (2006) (p. 8) H. latispatha Vouchers cited: C. Daehler 1304 (BISH), K. Nagata 3121 (HLA)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 40) H. latispatha,H. psittacorum
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced cultivated	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 74) Heliconia collinsiana R. F. Griggs; Heliconia humilis (Aubl.) Jacq., voucher cited: Hassall 236 (SUVA); Heliconia psittacorum L.
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 113559) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia indica Lam.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 103) H. psittacorum, voucher cited: MacKee 40613; H. latispatha, voucher cited: MacKee 21961
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 256) Heliconia bihai Voucher cited: CHR 169968
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 43)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 85)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (1998) (p. 10) H. latispatha, H. psittacorum
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (1998) (p. 10) H. latispatha, H. psittacorum
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 505184) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia wagneriana Pet.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 505185) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia bihai (L.) L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 595015) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia wagneriana Pet.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 597839) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia wagneriana Pet.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 81)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 81)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Nu‘ulua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1979) (voucher ID: BISH 428060) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia laufao W.J.Kress
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 70)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 28734) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia laufao W.J.Kress
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 113545) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia laufao W.J.Kress
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1931) (voucher ID: BISH 113550) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia laufao W.J.Kress
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 113552) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia laufao W.J.Kress
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 436998) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia laufao W.J.Kress
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 699309) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia laufao W.J.Kress
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 67)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 113544) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia laufao W.J.Kress
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 113546) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia laufao W.J.Kress
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 113549) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia laufao W.J.Kress
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 113551) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia laufao W.J.Kress
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 439276) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia paka A.C.Sm.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 439288) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia paka A.C.Sm.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 514309) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia laufao W.J.Kress
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1973) (voucher ID: BISH 699308) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia laufao W.J.Kress
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Anuta Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1971) (voucher ID: BISH 80624) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia indica Lam.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 575152) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia solomonensis W.J.Kress
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Malaita Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1957) (voucher ID: BISH 699481) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia solomonensis W.J.Kress
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Malaita Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1957) (voucher ID: BISH 699482) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia solomonensis W.J.Kress
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Mikira (San Cristobal) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1932) (voucher ID: BISH 113561) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia solomonensis W.J.Kress
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Ndeni (Santa Cruz) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 79937) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia indica Lam.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Nendo Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 699370) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia indica Lam.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Santa Isabel (Bughotu) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1932) (voucher ID: BISH 699479) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia solomonensis W.J.Kress
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Santa Isabel (Bughotu) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1932) (voucher ID: BISH 699480) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia solomonensis W.J.Kress
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Ulawa Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1932) (voucher ID: BISH 113560) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia indica Lam.
Solomon Islands Temotu Islands	Temotu Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1971) (voucher ID: BISH 79261) Taxon name on voucher: Heliconia indica Lam.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 53) H. psittacorum
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 66) H. psittacorum
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Johnston Atoll	Johnston Island	introduced cultivated	Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. (1976) (p. 54) Heliconia humilis

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced cultivated	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 115) Heliconia sp.

Comments:  Naturalized specimens noted in Samoa.

Additional information:  Additional online information about Heliconia spp. is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Heliconia spp. may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. 1976. The natural history of Johnston Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 192. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 479 pp.

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 0. Voucher specimen #BISH 34050 (Payne 9864).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 0. Voucher specimen #BISH 113559 (Vanchu, M.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 0. Voucher specimen #BISH 699422 (Payne 9864).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 113549 (Eames, A.J. 199).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 113545 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 158).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 113547 (Garber, D.W. 943).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 113552 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 158).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 699307 (Garber, D.W. 943).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1927. Voucher specimen #BISH 113555 (MacDaniels, L.H. 1152).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 113544 (Christophersen, E. 315).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 113546 (Christophersen, E. 62).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 113551 (Christophersen, E. 62).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1930. Voucher specimen #BISH 113548 (Diefenderfer, P.T. 4).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1930. Voucher specimen #BISH 664744 (Ioane for P. Diefer 4).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1931. Voucher specimen #BISH 113550 (Christophersen, E. 2333).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1932. Voucher specimen #BISH 113560 (Brass, L.J. 2962).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1932. Voucher specimen #BISH 113561 (Brass, L.J. 2619).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1932. Voucher specimen #BISH 699479 (Brass, L.J. 3382).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1932. Voucher specimen #BISH 699480 (Brass, L.J. 3382).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1933. Voucher specimen #BISH 699371 (Smith, A.C. 193).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1933. Voucher specimen #BISH 699372 (Smith, A.C. 193).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1933. Voucher specimen #BISH 699373 (Smith, A.C. 193).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1937. Voucher specimen #BISH 113557 (St.John, H. 18263).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1937. Voucher specimen #BISH 113558 (St.John, H. 18263).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1937. Voucher specimen #BISH 699467 (St.John, H. 18263).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 618866 (St.John, H. 19163).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 113553 (Yuncker, T.G. 9443).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1940. Voucher specimen #BISH 113554 (Degener, O. 13988).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1941. Voucher specimen #BISH 113556 (Degener, O. 14352).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1941. Voucher specimen #BISH 699468 (Degener, O. 14011).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 92774 (Smith 8900).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1957. Voucher specimen #BISH 699481 (Stone, B.C.M. 2398).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1957. Voucher specimen #BISH 699482 (Stone, B.C.M. 2398).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 505184 (Fosberg, F.R. 47427).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 505185 (Fosberg, F.R. 47427).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 28734 (Bristol, M.L. 2206).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 595015 (B.S.Blackburn 209).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 597839 (B.S.Blackburn 209).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 34049 (Parham, J.W. 16708).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 34051 (Parham, J.W. 16710).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 34052 (Parham, J.W. 16725).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 699311 (Parham, J.W. 16725).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 699312 (Parham, J.W. 16725).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 699313 (Parham, J.W. 16725).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 699315 (Parham, J.W. 16710).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 699475 (Parham, J.W. 16708).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 699476 (Parham, J.W. 16708).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1971. Voucher specimen #BISH 79261 (Yen, D.E. 19938).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1971. Voucher specimen #BISH 80624 (Yen, D. 14800).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 79937 (Powell, J.M. 19846).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 699370 (Powell, J.M. 19846).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1973. Voucher specimen #BISH 699308 (Whistler, W.A. W648).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 439276 (Cox, P.A. 33).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 439288 (Cox, P.A. 33).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1979. Voucher specimen #BISH 428060 (Whistler, W.A. W4236).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 436998 (Teraoka, W. 350).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 699309 (Teraoka, W. 350).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 493016 (Florence, J. 2597).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 493475 (Florence, J. 2501).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 514309 (Kress & Stager 83-1458).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 575152 (Kress & Stager 83-1502).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 572551 (Raulerson, L. 10067).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 665686 (Sykes, W.R. 474490).

Daehler, Curtis C./Baker, Raymond F. 2006. New records of naturalized and naturalizing plants around Lyon Arboretum, Mānoa Valley, O‘ahu. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2004-2005. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 87:3-18.

Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesica 20:1-126.

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 1997. New naturalized plant records for Kaua‘i. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1996. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 49:9-13.

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 1998. Checklist of the plants of Palau. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 40 pp.

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 1998. Checklist of the plants of Pohnpei. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 21 pp.

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 2005. Checklist of the plants of Kosrae. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 23 pp.

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. 1989. An Annotated list of the vascular plants of Pulawat Atoll. Micronesica 22:23-63.

McCormack, Gerald. 2007. Cook Islands biodiversity and natural heritage. On-line database.

Smith, Albert C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 1. 494 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2001. Report to the Kingdom of Tonga on invasive plant species of environmental concern.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 78 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2002. Report to the Government of the Cook Islands on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 146 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2002. Report to the Government of Samoa on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 83 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate. 2004. Report to the Government of Niue and the United Nations Development Programme: Invasive plant species on Niue following Cyclone Heta. UNDP NIU/98/G31 - Niue Enabling Activity. 80 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar. 2003. Report to the Republic of Palau on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 174 pp.

Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.

Swarbrick, J. T. 1997. Environmental weeds and exotic plants on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean: a report to Parks Australia. 101 pp. plus appendix.

Sykes, W. R. 1970. Contributions to the flora of Niue. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 200, Wellington. 321 pp.

Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. 1994. The flora of Nauru. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Research Bulletin 392:1-223.

University of California. 2006. Moorea Digital Flora Project (online resource).

Vander Velde, Nancy. 2003. The vascular plants of Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Atoll Research Bulletin No. 503:1-141.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Welsh, S. L. 1998. Flora Societensis: A summary revision of the flowering plants of the Society Islands. E.P.S. Inc., Orem, Utah. 420 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 2000. Tropical ornamentals: a guide. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 542 pp.