Hedychium coronarium J.König, Zingiberaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 10 (Go to the risk assessment)

Common name(s): [more details]

Chuukese: sinser, sinsér, sinsér, tolon, tunun

English: butterfly lily, common ginger lily, garland flower, ginger lily, white ginger

Fijian: cevuga vula, dalasika, ndrove, thevunga

Hawaiian: ‘awapuhi ke‘oke‘o

Maori (Cook Islands): kaopui teatea, kōpī, kōpī teatea, re‘a, re‘a, re‘a teatea, re‘a teatea, re‘a teatea

Pohnpeian: sinter pwetepwet

Samoan: teuila, teuila, teuila paepae, teuila paepae

Tahitian: opuhi tea

Tongan: teuila, thevunga

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Herb, perennial, erect, unbranched, to 2 m high, growing from a rhizome.  Leaves simple, alternate, two-ranked, sessile at the top of the leaf sheath, blade elliptic to lanceolate, 20-30 x 3-10 cm, pubescent on lower surface.  Flowers continuously through the year; flowers many, in groups of one to six, borne among large, green, overlapping bracts in an ellipsoidal spike 7-20 cm long atop a leafy stem, fragrant.  Corolla with fused tepals, white, the tube narrow, 6-9 cm long, the segments linear, 3-5 cm long with two petal-like oblanceolate staminodes 3.5-5.5 cm long and a petal-like, subround, apically notched labellum slightly longer with a yellowish green or dull white patch in the center.  Fruit an oblong many-seeded capsule, infrequently formed in cultivation"  (Whistler, 2000; p. 237).

"Erect herb with stems to 1 m tall; leaves distichous, narrowly oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, about 50-60 cm long, 10 cm wide, petiole short; flowers white, yellowish in age, sweetly fragrant, to 6-8 cm long, the tube very slender, inflorescences dense spikelike, terminal, bracteate; bracts oblong-obovate or oblong, imbricate" (Stone, 1970; p. 111).

Habitat/ecology:  Similar to H. gardnerianum and H. flavescens. Favors wet habitats. Rainforest, moist forest, roadsides, open areas, streamsides. "Creeping growth overwhelms low growing plants in pastures and forests"  (Motooka et al., 2003).  In Hawai‘i, "frequently cultivated and naturalized in mesic forest"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1622).  In Fiji, "firmly naturalized along roads and trails and in thickets, often being locally abundant at elevations from near sea level to 200 m or perhaps higher"  (Smith, 1979; pp. 197-198).

Propagation:  Stolons and, to some degree, seeds. Cultivated, from whence it escapes.

Native range:  Eastern India.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 35)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	cultivated	McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 7)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 7)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 7)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 7)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 88)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 7)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1935) (voucher ID: BISH 127327) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Etal (Ettan) Atoll	introduced	Merlin, M./Juvik, J. (1996) (pp. 73-74)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 113)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 5)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 113)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Murilo (Mwiriné) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 113)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll	introduced	Merlin, M./Juvik, J. (1996) (pp. 73-74)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. (1975) (p. 31) Voucher cited: Marshall 93 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namonuito (Namonweito, Nómwun Wiité) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 113)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namonuito (Namonweito, Nómwun Wiité) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1957) (voucher ID: BISH 127322) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Nomwin (Nómwiin) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 113)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 113)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	introduced	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 42) Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 126 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 113)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 127324) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 699996) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 113)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 5)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 127328) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 113)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 5)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1935) (voucher ID: BISH 127329) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 595551) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 595553) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 113)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 90)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Waguk, Erick E. (2000) (p. 5) Escaped from cultivation.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (2005) (p. 10)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 595549) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Kapingamarangi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 113)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Kapingamarangi Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 595552) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Nukuoro Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 113)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Nukuoro Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 595548) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 113)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 90)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 107) Vouchers cited: Glassman 2574 (US), Takamatsu 743 (BM), Takamatsu 789 (BM), Takamatsu 1026 (BM)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 127325) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 127330) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 127331) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 127332) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 595016) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 595547) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 113)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 127323) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 595554) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Lamotrek Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 595567) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 113)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1969) (p. 5) Voucher cited: Fosberg 46935 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 113)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 113)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 595550) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 113)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 90)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1948) (voucher ID: BISH 127326) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Fiji Fiji Islands	Fiji Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1928) (voucher ID: BISH 127321) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Fiji Fiji Islands	Koro Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 197-198) Voucher cited: Smith 1098
Fiji Fiji Islands	Koro Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 127319) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 617422) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 197-198) Voucher cited: Bierhorst F149
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 197-198) Vouchers cited: DA 16750, Smith 7002, DA 12337
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 127320) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 390) Voucher cited: Grant 5263
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 390) Vouchers cited: Florence 345, BRY 26407
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 390) Voucher cited: Florence 2675
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 493477) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced cultivated	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 111) Voucher cited: Stone 4387 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 113)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1622)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1622)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1622)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1622)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1622)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced invasive	Toyoda, Takeshi (2003) (p. 296) Naturalized
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 113)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 105)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 56)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 113)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced cultivated	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 76) Voucher cited: Fosberg 59671 (US)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 142) Vouchers cited: MacKee 12545, MacKee 28406, Létocart in MacKee 40465 Spontané
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2008)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 113)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 9, 81)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2008)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 595564) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1974) (voucher ID: BNM 10048) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium Koen.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 9, 81)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 7)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 7)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1974) (voucher ID: BISH 418196) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 85) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15488 Occasional escape.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 127313) Taxon name on voucher: Hedychium coronarium J.König
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 53)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 85) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15263 Occasional escape.

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2008)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive cultivated	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 166)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2008)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 176)
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2008)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Mascarene Islands Mascarene Islands (Mauritius, La Reunion, Rodrigues)	Mascarene Islands	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2008)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 176)

Comments:  This species and other gingers are major pests in Hawaii. In the Pacific they are cultivated and, in some cases, have escaped. It would be wise to limit plantings and monitor for spread of existing introductions.

Considerable naturalization of this species seen in Samoa (Space & Flynn, 2002).

Control:  See The Nature Conservancy Stewardship Abstract.

Physical:  "Fleshy rhizomes make mechanical control arduous" (Motooka et al., 2003).

Chemical:  "Alton Arakaki (Univ. Hawaii) and Ed Misaki (TNC) discovered that yellow ginger was extremely sensitive to metsulfuron at 3% (w/vol) at Kamakou Preserve, Moloka‘i. HAVO staff reported control by cutting off yellow ginger foliage followed by application of metsulfuron on exposed rhizomes at 0.5 g/liter of water in spring and summer or 3.5 g/liter of water in winter. White ginger was sensitive to foliar applications of 1 lb/acre picloram, very sensitive to metsulfuron (0.25 oz/acre), moderately susceptible to triclopyr. Unpublished research by Greg Santos, Linda Pratt, and C. Stone at HAVO found metsulfuron at 0.04 lb/acre, imazapyr at 0.7 lb/acre and amitrol at 0.7 lb/acre applied to visible rhizomes after mechanical clearing of top growth was very effective on Kahili ginger. A commercial mixture of 2,4-D + triclopyr was ineffective. Pat Bily (TNC) reported 20% triclopyr ester applied in straight stream to kahili ginger stems and surface rhizomes provided 100% kill on Maui" (Motooka et al., 2003).

Additional information:
Information from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).
The Nature Conservancy's Stewardship Abstract contains information on control methods.

Additional online information about Hedychium coronarium is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Hedychium coronarium as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Hedychium coronarium may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1974. Voucher specimen #BNM10048(Otobed, D.O. P-10048).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 0. Voucher specimen #BISH 127328 (Takamatsu, M. 48).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1928. Voucher specimen #BISH 127321 (Gillespie, J.W. 4394).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1934. Voucher specimen #BISH 127319 (Smith, A.C. 1098).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1935. Voucher specimen #BISH 127327 (Takamatsu, M. 10a).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1935. Voucher specimen #BISH 127329 (Takamatsu, M. 184).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 127330 (Takamatsu, M. 1026).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 127331 (Takamatsu, M. 743).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 127332 (Takamatsu, M. 789).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 617422 (St.John, H. 19444).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 595016 (Hosaka, E.Y. 3488).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 595547 (Fosberg, F.R. 26338).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 595548 (Fosberg, F.R. 26186).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 595552 (Fosberg, F.R. 26100).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 595553 (Fosberg, F.R. 26024).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1948. Voucher specimen #BISH 127326 (Wong, C.C.Y. 518).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 127325 (Glassman, S.F. 2574).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 595551 (Anderson, D. 760).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 127324 (Anderson, D. 1205).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 595564 (Fosberg, F.R. 32084).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 699996 (Anderson, D. 1119).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 127313 (Yuncker, T.G. 15488).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 127320 (Smith, A.C. 7002).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 127323 (Abbott, D.P. 43).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1957. Voucher specimen #BISH 127322 (Stone, B.C.M. 2145).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 595549 (Rainey, S. 25).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 595550 (Fosberg, F.R. 47083).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 595554 (Fosberg, F.R. 47250).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 595567 (Fosberg, F.R. 46811).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1974. Voucher specimen #BISH 418196 (Whistler, W.A. W1583).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 493477 (Florence, J. 2675).

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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesica 20:1-126.

Glassman, S. F. 1952. The flora of Ponape. Bishop Mus. Bull. 209: 1-152.

Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp.

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Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. 1989. An Annotated list of the vascular plants of Pulawat Atoll. Micronesica 22:23-63.

Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. 1975. The natural history of Namoluk Atoll, eastern Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 189. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 53 pp + photos.

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Merlin, M./Juvik, J. 1996. Irá me neeniier nón Chuuk: Plants and their Environments in Chuuk. Program on Environment, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, 121 pp. .

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Motooka, Philip/Castro, Luisa/Nelson, Duane/Nagai, Guy/Ching, Lincoln. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa. 184 pp.

Motooka, Philip/Ching, Lincoln/Nagai, Guy. 2002. Herbicidal Weed Control Methods for Pasture and Natural Areas of Hawaii. Cooperative Extension Service, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i. CTAHR free publication WC-8.

Smith, Albert C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 1. 494 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2000. Observations on invasive plant species in American Samoa.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 51 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2001. Report to the Kingdom of Tonga on invasive plant species of environmental concern.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 78 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2002. Report to the Government of the Cook Islands on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 146 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2002. Report to the Government of Samoa on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 83 pp.

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Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. 2000. Invasive plant species in Chuuk, Federated States of Micronesia.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 41 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Waguk, Erick E. 2000. Invasive plant species on Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 43 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar. 2003. Report to the Republic of Palau on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 174 pp.

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Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Welsh, S. L. 1998. Flora Societensis: A summary revision of the flowering plants of the Society Islands. E.P.S. Inc., Orem, Utah. 420 pp.

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Whistler, W. A. 2000. Tropical ornamentals: a guide. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 542 pp.

Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. 1999. Botanical survey of the United States of America Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) Islands. Prepared for Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education and the U. S. Army Environmental Center. 111 pp.

Yuncker, T. G. 1959. Plants of Tonga. Bishop Museum Bull. 220. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 343 pp.