Fuchsia magellanica Lam., Onagraceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  yes

Common name(s): [more details]

English: earring flower, hardy fuchsia

French: ti zanneau

Hawaiian: kulapepeiao

Habit:  shrub

Description:  "Small shrubs;  stems long, arcuate, 1-2.5 (-4) m long.  Leaves in whorls of 3-4 per node or sometimes opposite, ovate to lanceolate, 2.5-6 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, margins serrate, petioles 0.5-1 cm long.  Flowers perfect, axillary and pendent, peduncles 3-4.5 cm long; floral tube magenta, 10-13 mm long; sepals magenta, 20-25 mm long; petals dark purple, convolute after anthesis, 10-13 mm long; stamens exserted; filaments 25-30 mm long.  Berries ellipsoid, 10-15 mm long"  (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 996-997).

Habitat/ecology:  Ornamental plant; many cultivated fuchsias are hybrids of Fuchsia magellanica.  "Dense infestations in the La Reunion islands occur along paths and tracks, where the plant may form dense tangled thickets which shade out native understorey plants and alter the structure of the vegetation" (Csurhes and Edwards, 1998; p. 161).  Naturalized in mesic to wet forests up to 5000 ft. elevation in Hawai‘i.

Propagation:  Seed, possibly spread by birds.

Native range:  Southern South America.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 996-997) Voucher cited: Rock 13045 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 996-997)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 996-997)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced	Wester, Lyndon (1992) (p. 144)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)	introduced invasive cultivated	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 161) South Australia
Chile (continental) Chile	Chile (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive cultivated	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 905) "Scrub, plantations, roadsides, forest margins".

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 161)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	MacDonald, I. A. W./Thebaud, C./Strahm, W. A./Strasberg, D. (1991) (pp. 51-61)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Lavergne, Christophe (2006) "Très envahissant"

Control: 

Physical:  Hand pull or dig out seedlings and young trees.

Chemical:  Cut plants and treat regrowth with a herbicide; larger plants can be cut and the stumps treated with herbicide.

Additional information:  Additional online information about Fuchsia magellanica is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Fuchsia magellanica may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. 1998. Potential environmental weeds in Australia: Candidate species for preventative control. Canberra, Australia. Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia. 208 pp.

Lavergne, Christophe. 2006. List des especes exotiques envahissantes a La Reunion. Unpublished manuscript (Excel file). .

MacDonald, I. A. W./Thebaud, C./Strahm, W. A./Strasberg, D. 1991. Effects of alien plant invasions on native vegetation remnants on La Reunion (Mascarenes Islands, Indian Ocean). Environmental Conservation 18 (1):51-61.

Tassin, J. 1999. Plant invaders in Réunion Island (French Overseas Territory, Indian Ocean). Aliens 9:10.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2007. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. 1988. Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch. 1365 pp.

Wester, Lyndon. 1992. Origin and distribution of adventive flowering plants in Hawai‘i. In: Stone, Charles P.; Smith, Clifford W. and Tunison, J. Timothy. Alien plant invasions in native ecosystems of Hawaii: Management and Research. University of Hawaii, Cooperative National Park Research Studies Unit, Honolulu. University of Hawaii Press. .