Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Apiaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  Reject, score: 7 (Go to the risk assessment)

Common name(s): [more details]

Chamorro: anis hinoho

English: fennel, sweet fennel

Fijian: pan mauri

French: fenouil

Maori (Cook Islands): taretare, taretare, taretare, taretare tui-‘ei

Niuean: taletale

Other: sonf

Spanish: hinojo, inojo, lecherillo

Tahitian: apiti

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Perennial herb, erect, glaucous, to 20 cm tall, highly aromatic; leaves to 20 cm long, finely dissected, ultimate segments filiform; umbels terminal, 5-15 cm wide; umbellets with 20-50 tiny flowers, these on filiform pedicels; fruit 4-9 mm long, half as wide or less, grooved"  (Stone, 1970; p. 462).

"Stout perennial herbs 9-12 dm tall.  Leaves glaucous to dark green, ovate to triangular, ca. 30 cm long, ca. 40 cm wide, pinnately decompound, the ultimate divisions filiform, 4-40 mm long, ca. 0.5 mm wide, petioles 7-14 cm long, wholly sheathing.  Peduncles 1.5-6.5 cm long, rays 15-40, spreading-ascending in flower, ascending to suberect in fruit, unequal, pedicels 2-10 mm long, subequal.  Fruit 3.5-4 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, ribs acute"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 204).

Habitat/ecology:  In Hawai‘i, "cultivated and naturalized along roadsides, in pastures, and other open sites" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 204).  In Fiji, "occasionally cultivated near sea level and sparingly naturalized in shady waste places" (Smith, 1985; p. 659).  In Niue, "more or less adventive near houses" (Sykes, 1970; p. 209).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  Southern Europe to southwest Asia.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (p. 659) Voucher cited: Greenwood 653
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (p. 659) Voucher cited: DA 2603
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 286) Voucher cited: Moore 680
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 5)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced cultivated	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 462)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 204)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 204)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 204)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 204) Voucher cited: Forbes 131.M (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 204)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 98)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 92)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 137) Vouchers cited: MacKee 20952, MacKee 23833, MacKee 25574
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Kermadec Islands	introduced invasive	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 127)
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1977) (p. 147) Eradicated 1969.
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 209) Voucher cited: CHR 168674
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 93) Voucher cited: Yuncker 10116 (BISH) "Occasional roadside weed".

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Chile (continental) Chile	Chile (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 164)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive cultivated	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 127) "Waste places, riverbeds, coastal cliffs, particularly well established within cities and along railway embankments".

Control: 

Physical:  "Seedlings and smaller plants can be dug out, the crowns and most of the taproots must be removed to prevent regrowth".

Chemical:  "Effective herbicides are glyphosate, triclopyr, or 2,4-D ester"  (Weber, 2003; p. 171).

Additional information:  Additional online information about Foeniculum vulgare is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Foeniculum vulgare may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.

Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp.

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

McCormack, Gerald. 2007. Cook Islands biodiversity and natural heritage. On-line database.

Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 3. 758 pp.

Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.

Swarbrick, John T. 1997. Weeds of the Pacific Islands. Technical paper no. 209. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 124 pp.

Sykes, W. R. 1970. Contributions to the flora of Niue. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 200, Wellington. 321 pp.

Sykes, W. R. 1977. Kermadec Islands flora: an annotated checklist. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 219, Wellington. 216 pp.

Tassin, Jacques. 2005. Jacques Tassin (IAC-CIRAD), personal communication.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2007. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. 1988. Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch. 1365 pp.

Weber, Ewald. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 548 pp.

Welsh, S. L. 1998. Flora Societensis: A summary revision of the flowering plants of the Society Islands. E.P.S. Inc., Orem, Utah. 420 pp.

Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. 1999. Botanical survey of the United States of America Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) Islands. Prepared for Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education and the U. S. Army Environmental Center. 111 pp.

Yuncker, T. G. 1943. The flora of Niue Island. Bishop Mus. Bull. 178. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 126 pp.