Flaveria trinervia (Spreng.) C.Mohr, Asteraceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Oedera trinervia Spreng.

Common name(s): [more details]

English: clustered yellowtops

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Taprooted annual herbs 1.5-8 (-20) dm tall, puberulent or subglabrous; stems often purplish, divaricately branched.  Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate to elliptic or narrowly ovate, 3-15 cm long, (0.7-) 1-4 cm wide, distinctly 3-nerbed from base, margins subentire to serrate-dentate, petioles of principal leaves 1-2 cm long, petiole bases nearly connate, upper leaves sessile and usually connate.  Heads with a single floret, aggregated into secondary head-like clusters ca. 1 cm in diameter the common receptacle thus formed with scattered bristles ca. 1/2 as long to as long as primary heads, secondary heads subtended by a few leafy bracts, heads radiate or discoid, radiate heads usually peripheral in secondary heads, the central ones usually discoid; involucre of primary heads of 1-2 bracts, 3-4.5 mm long; rays pale yellow or whitish, 0.5-1 mm long; disk corollas 2-2.5 mm long; pappus absent.  Achenes 2-2.6 mm long"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 317).

Habitat/ecology:  "A widespread tropical and subtropical weed; in Hawai‘i sparingly naturalized in strand vegetation and coastal sites" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 317).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  The Americas (GRIN)

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	introduced invasive	Herbst, Derral R./Wagner, Warren L. (1996) (pp. 9-10) Voucher cited: Ellshoff 196 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy W./Wagner, Warren L. (1995) (p. 24) Voucher cited: T. Flynn et al. 3186 (BISH, F, MO, PTBG, US)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kure Atoll	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd L. (2010) (p. 62) Voucher cited: Starr & Starr 010522-02 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank L. (2003) (p. 7) West Maui. Vouchers cited: Oppenheimer H80108 (BISH, PTBG), Starr & Martz 000204-1 (BISH), Oppenheimer H100044 (BISH, PTBG), Oppenheimer H40135 (BISH, PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 317) Voucher cited: Engler 37-232 (BISH)

Additional information:
Additional online information about Flaveria trinervia is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Flaveria trinervia as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Flaveria trinervia may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Herbst, Derral R./Wagner, Warren L. 1996. Contributions to the Flora of Hawai‘i. V. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1995. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 46:8-12.

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy W./Wagner, Warren L. 1995. Contributions to the flora of Hawai‘i. III. New additions, range extensions, and rediscoveries of flowering plants. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1994. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 41:19-58.

Oppenheimer, Hank L. 2003. New plant records from Maui and Hawai‘i Counties. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2001-2002. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 73:3-30.

Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd L. 2010. New plant records from the Hawaiian Archipelago. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2008. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 107:61-68.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. 2011. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).