Ficus microcarpa L.f., Moraceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results: 

High risk, score: 10 (Go to the risk assessment (Pacific))
Reject, score: 12 (Go to the risk assessment (U.S. (Florida)))

Other Latin names:  Ficus thonningii Blume

Common name(s): [more details]

Chamorro: nunu

Chinese: rong shu

Chuukese: au, au

English: Chinese banyan, curtain fig, Indian laurel fig, laurel fig, Malay banyan, Malayan banyan

French: arbre de l'Intendance

Palauan: lulk

Habit:  tree

Description:  "Variable in habit, often epiphytic, subscandent shrubs when young, in maturity spreading evergreen trees with large branches and numerous aerial roots hanging from the trunk and branches, these sometimes reaching the soil to form pillar-like roots.  Leaves variable, coriaceous, oblong, elliptic to broadly elliptic or obovate, usually 5-8 cm long, 3-5 cm wide, glabrous, margins entire, petioles 0.6-2 cm long.  Synconia sessile, arising among or just below the leaves, depressed-globose, 6-10 mm in diameter, subtended by 3 broadly ovate, more or less persistent bracts"  (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 925-926, 1885).

Habitat/ecology:  Dry to moist forests, open areas, cliffs up to 3000 ft. elevation in Hawai‘i. Requires a pollinating wasp, Euprestina verticillata , to reproduce. (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 925-926). Meyer (2000; p. 93) lists as a moderate invader of dry to mesic sites in the Society Islands.  "Besides shading with its broad canopy, it is a threat to host plants.  Banyan roots are very destructive to infrastructures: pavement, home foundations, irrigation structures"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Propagation:  The synconia are bird-dispersed. A species-specific wasp (Euprestina verticillata Waterst.) is necessary for pollination.

Native range:  Ceylon to India, southern China, Ryukyu Islands, Australia and New Caledonia.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Guguan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 54) var latifolia
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Guguan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 21) Voucher cited: Falanruw 1822 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 54)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 54)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 162310) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 54)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 162280) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Ulalu (Romonum) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 162449) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 54)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 162308) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 162314) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 162377) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 572818) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 54)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 20)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 54)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced cultivated	Florence, J. (1997) (p. 158)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 27) Voucher cited: Fosberg 64866 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced cultivated	Florence, J. (1997) (p. 158)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced cultivated	Florence, J. (1997) (p. 158)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 187) Voucher cited: Florence 4467
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced cultivated	Florence, J. (1997) (p. 158)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 5493 (PAP), J. Florence 6969 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 492362) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 542850) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 558173) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (pp. 251-252) Var. saffordii (Merrill) Corner. Vouchers cited: Stone 3890 (GUAM), Stone 4413 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 54)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 95)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 924-926)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy W./Wagner, Warren L. (1995) (p. 41) Voucher cited: D. Lorence 7613 (BISH, PTBG, US) Widespread and abundantly naturalized.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank (2007) (p. 28) Voucher cited: Oppenheimer H100623 (BISH, PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 924-926)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Hughes, Guy D'Oyly (1995) (p. 7) Voucher cited: Hughes 62 (BISH) Naturalized in gulches in disturbed lowland areas.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 924-926)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced invasive	Toyoda, Takeshi (2003) (p. 280) Naturalized
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2006) (p. 10) "Rare; two trees observed, one in field by school, another in a private yard nearby; (although this species receives a somewhat high rating as an invasive, spread is unlikely in the Marshalls without the wasps and birds needed in typical dissemination)".
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 54)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	uncertain if native	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 101) Not seen on this survey and may no longer be present.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 54)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 110)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Wotje (Wõjjã) Atoll		Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2009) (p. 2) Voucher cited: Vander Velde 0515200903
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Loyauté (Loyalty Islands)	native	Australian Biological Resources Study (2011)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	native	Australian Biological Resources Study (2011)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 102) Voucher cited: MacKee 40682
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 54)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	native	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. Field notes)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 162309) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 162311) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 572819) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 54) Both var. microcarpa and var. latifolia (Fosberg et al., 1979).
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 162306) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 429438) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 54)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	native	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (2010) (p. 34) var. latifolia (Miq.) Corner; voucher cited: Lorence 8255 (PTBG); var microcarpa, voucher cited: Flynn 6443 (PTBG)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1959) (voucher ID: BNM 536) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa var. Latifolia (Miq.) Corner
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1979) (voucher ID: BNM 1291) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa var. latifolia (Miq.) Corner
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1998) (voucher ID: PTBG 24088) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L. f.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1998) (voucher ID: PTBG 27578) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L. f.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngedobel? Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 54) var latifolia
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 54)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 162307) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Palau Islands (main island group)		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1933) (voucher ID: BISH 162305) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 54) var latifolia
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	native	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. Field notes and voucher.) Voucher: Lorence 9769 (PTBG, BNM, NY, TAMU, US)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 661257) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 61) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1965) (voucher ID: PTBG 22499) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L. f.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Urukthapel Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 54) var latifolia
Palau Palau (main island group)	Urukthapel Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 162312) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Urukthapel Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 162313) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Urukthapel Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 162316) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Urukthapel Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1991) (voucher ID: BNM 9528) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa var. latifolia (Miq.) Corner
Palau Rock Islands	Chelbacheb Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 610725) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Palau Rock Islands	Mecherchar (Eil Malk) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 661258) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Palau Rock Islands	Ngchelobel Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1968) (voucher ID: PTBG 22503) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L. f.
Palau Rock Islands	Ngeanges Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 54) var latifolia
Palau Rock Islands	Ngeanges Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 162196) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Palau Rock Islands	Ngeanges Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 162315) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Palau Rock Islands	Ngerchong Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1978) (voucher ID: BNM 1292) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa var. Latifolia (Miq.) Corner
Palau Rock Islands	Ngerukuid (Seventy) Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 540103) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Palau Rock Islands	Ulong Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 54) var latifolia
Palau Rock Islands	Ulong Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1969) (voucher ID: BNM 535) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa var. latifolia (Miq.) Corner
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 75) ssp. naumannii Engl.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 53)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Johnston Atoll	Johnston Island	introduced cultivated	Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. (1976) (p. 54)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Midway Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim/Loope, Lloyd L. (2002) (pp. 21-22) Voucher cited: Starr & Martz 990428-5 (BISH)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Sand Island	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2008) (pp. B-8) Voucher cited: Starr & Starr 080601-10
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1994) (voucher ID: BISH 659998) Taxon name on voucher: Ficus microcarpa L.f.

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	native	Australian Biological Resources Study (2011)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
China China	Hong Kong	introduced cultivated	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (pp. 62-63) Cultivated, roadside tree.
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	Australian Biological Resources Study (2011)
Japan Ryukyu Islands	Ryukyu Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	native	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 42) Common
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 19)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced cultivated	Lavergne, Christophe (2006) "Cultivé"

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	USA (Florida)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2011)

Comments:  Both var. microcarpa and var. latifolia (Fosberg et al., 1979; p. 54).

Planting of this species is prohibited in Miami-Dade County, Florida (U.S.) (Hunsberger, 2001).

Control: 

Chemical: "The most effective way to kill large Chinese banyans is by placing 3-5 ml of herbicide into holes drilled into the trunk each foot around trunk. Because of the compartmentalization of the trunks from the rooted and merged adventitious roots, the trunks must be drilled at each segment to ensure effective control. This can best be done by making follow-up treatments after symptoms from earlier treatments reveal unaffected stem segments. Banyans strangling a host tree can be treated in this way with glyphosate without killing the host. Triclopyr and dicamba are also effective in killing banyans by application to drilled holes"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Additional information:
Excerpt from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).
Report (PDF format) from US Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Haleakala Field Station, Hawaii "Plants of Hawaii".
Photos and additional information at University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants.
Fact sheet from "Common forest trees of Hawaii" (PDF format).
Information from "Invasive plants of Asian origin established in the United States and their natural enemies, volume 1" (PDF format).
Information from the book "Identification and biology of non-native plants in Florida's natural areas" (PDF format).

Additional online information about Ficus microcarpa is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Ficus microcarpa as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Ficus microcarpa may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. 1976. The natural history of Johnston Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 192. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 479 pp.

Australian Biological Resources Study. 2011. Flora of Australia Online. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1959. Voucher specimen #BNM536(Owen, R.P. 24).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1969. Voucher specimen #BNM535(Salsedo 248).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1978. Voucher specimen #BNM1292(Canfield, J.E. 541).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1979. Voucher specimen #BNM1291(Canfield 670).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1991. Voucher specimen #BNM9528(Herbst, Stemmerman & Canfield 9528).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1933. Voucher specimen #BISH 162305 (Hosokawa, T. 7058).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 162280 (Hosokawa, T. 8335).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 162196 (Fosberg, F.R. 25821).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 162307 (Hosaka, E.Y. 3351).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 162308 (Fosberg, F.R. 26042).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 162309 (Fosberg, F.R. 25895).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 162310 (Fosberg, F.R. 24556).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 162314 (Fosberg, F.R. 24611).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 162315 (Fosberg, F.R. 25815).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 162377 (Fosberg, F.R. 26029).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 572818 (Fosberg, F.R. 24611).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 162306 (Fosberg, F.R. 32515).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 162311 (Fosberg, F.R. 31999).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 162312 (Fosberg, F.R. 32023).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 162313 (Fosberg, F.R. 32166).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 162316 (Fosberg, F.R. 32212).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 572819 (Fosberg, F.R. 31999).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 162449 (Stone, B.C.M. 5291).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 661257 (Fosberg, F.R. 47642).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 661258 (Fosberg, F.R. 50565).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 429438 (Stemmermann, R.L. 3422B).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 492362 (Florence, J. 5493).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 558173 (Florence, J. 4467).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 542850 (Florence, J. 6969).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 540103 (Raulerson, L. 16584).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 610725 (Herbst, D.R. 9528).

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