Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  Evaluate, score: 5 (Go to the risk assessment)

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: chi guo ci tong

English: December tree

Malayan: dadap, dadap, dadap

Maori (Cook Islands): ngatae, taetapu

Samoan: gatae pālagi, gatae pālagi

Habit:  tree

Description: 

Genus:  "Trees or shrubs, rarely perennial herbs, the trunk and branches often aculeate, the stipules usually small, persistent or deciduous; leaves pinnately trifoliolate, the stipels glandular, the leaflet blades pinnate-nerved, the lateral ones usually asymmetrical and smaller than terminal one; inflorescences terminal or axillary, pseudoracemose, often pyramidal and many-flowered, the showy flowers usually in fascicles of 2-5, sometimes single, the bracts and bracteoles deciduous; calyx with a rounded or turbinate hypanthium, sometimes ruptured by the emergent corolla and androecium, the limb entire, erose, variously lobed, or spathaceous, sometimes asymmetrical; petals 5, the standard the largest, erect or spreading, clawed or not, lacking appendages, the wings longer or shorter than keel, short-clawed, the keel petals free or connate, short-clawed; stamens 10, the filaments of 9 connate above middle, alternately longer and shorter, the vexillary filament free or connate to filament tube proximally, the anthers uniform, dorsifixed; ovary stipitate, usually linear or fusiform, pubescent, the ovules (2-) numerous, the style long, incurved, the stigma small, terminal; fruit stipitate, usually coriaceous or subligneous and linear-oblong, often falcate, constricted or sinuate between seeds, dehiscent (sometimes scarcely so), septate by endocarp or not, the seeds 1-14, ellipsoid to asymmetrically subglobose."  (Smith, 1985).

Species: "Trees, 12-15 m tall. Trunk up to 60 cm d.b.h., with robust prickles. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; stipules ovate, deciduous; petiole 10-12 cm, without prickles; petiolules ca. 7 mm; leaflets ovate-triangular, 10-15 cm x 7-10 mm, membranous, both surfaces glabrous, lateral veins 7 on each side, obviously convex abaxially, base rounded or broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex acuminate. Raceme 7-10 cm. Flowers ca. 4 cm. Calyx campanulate, 2-lobed, silky hairy. Standard scarlet, elliptic, 5-6 cm, apex obtuse, shortly clawed; wings obovate; keels subequal to wings. Ovary glabrous. Legume ca. 15 x 2.5 cm, with seeds restricted to apical part, indehiscent. Seeds 1-3, black"  (Flora of China online).

"A tree up to 10 m or more in height...  The inflorescences, up to 22 cm in length, bear flowers with red standards 3.5-4 x 2-3 cm; the wings and keel petals are greenish to pale red; and the fruits are 10-14 cm long and 2-2.5 cm broad, with 1-5 seeds."  (Smith, 1985; p. 204).

Habitat/ecology:  In Fiji, "cultivated near sea level or slightly higher and sparingly naturalized along roadsides"  (Smith, 1985; p. 204).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  "Southeastern Asia to Malesia (presumably eastward to the Philippines, Moluccas, and Timor), cultivated and sometimes naturalized elsewhere.  The species is commonly used as a shade for cocoa and coffee and has become occasionally naturalized."  (Smith, 1985; p. 204).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive cultivated	McCormack, Gerald (2011) Naturalized
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive cultivated	McCormack, Gerald (2011) Naturalized
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (p. 204) Vouchers cited: DA 9557, DA 17401 Sparingly naturalized.
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 154) Voucher cited: CHR 150508
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	cultivated	Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (p. 305) In thickets, secondary forests, etc., at low and medium altitudes; occasionally palnted.

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
China China	China (People's Republic of)	native	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) "Forests; 300-600 m. Yunnan".
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Timor-Leste Timor-Leste	East Timor Island	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)

Additional information:
Additional online information about Erythrina subumbrans is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Erythrina subumbrans as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Erythrina subumbrans may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre. 2011. International Legume Database & Information Service. Online searchable database.

Krukoff, B. A. 1940. The American species of Erythrina. Brittonia 3.

McCormack, Gerald. 2011. Cook Islands Biodiversity Database, Version 2007.2. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotonga.

Merrill, Elmer D. 1923. An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants, vol. 2 [reprint]. Bureau of Printing, Manila. 530 pp.

Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 3. 758 pp.

Sykes, W. R. 1970. Contributions to the flora of Niue. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 200, Wellington. 321 pp.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Whistler, W. A. 1990. Ethnobotany of the Cook Islands: The plants, their Maori names, and their uses. Allertonia 5(4):347-424.

Whistler, W. A. 2000. Plants in Samoan culture: The ethnobotany of Samoa. Isle Botanica. 234 pp. ISB: 0-9645426-6-8.

Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong. 2011. Flora of China (online resource).