Erigeron karvinskianus DC., Asteraceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 11 (Go to the risk assessment)

Common name(s): [more details]

English: daisy, daisy fleabane, Mexican daisy, seaside daisy

French: marguerite folle, marguerite marron, mère de famille nombreuse, pâquerette

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Sprawling perennial herbs usually forming dense clumps; stems numerous, decumbent to weakly erect, slender, usually 1-3 dm long, branched, glabrate to sparsely pubescent.  Leaves linear to elliptic, entire to dentate or shallowly lobed, the lower ones often oblanceolate and 3-lobed, 1-4 cm long, 0.1-l cm wide.  Heads solitary, 4-9 mm in diameter; involucral bracts in 3 series, linear, 3-6 mm long; ray florets 75-100 or more per head, rays white, becoming pink with age, 9-10 mm long; disk florets numerous, corollas yellow.  Achenes pale brown, ca. 1 mm long"  (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 315, 1860).

Habitat/ecology:  Grows on cliff faces, disturbed locations in moderately wet areas.  A common garden plant. "Reproduces and spreads rapidly to form dense mats, can grow in almost any open habitat, including watercourses. Crowds out and displaces ground level plants, creating a virtual monoculture"  (Weeds of Blue Mountains bushland).

In Hawai‘i, "naturalized and sometimes locally common in moderately wet areas, ca. 300-1,300 m"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 315); "forming mats on forest floors, smothering low-growing natives"  (Motooka et al., 2003).  In New Zealand, "usually on banks or cliffs in waste places, forest margins, streamsides, or scrubland" (Webb et al., 1988, p. 192).

Propagation:  "Seeds are dispersed by wind and water, stems layer, broken roots and rhizomes regrow. Often sold on garden stalls; often dumped in bushland"  (Weeds of Blue Mountains bushland).

Native range:  Neotropics, Mexico to Venezuela, Chile and the Antilles (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 315).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 8) "A native of Mexico, frequently naturalised as a garden escape with a tendency to weediness". Voucher cited: W.R. Sykes NI 467 (CHR)
Chile (offshore islands) Juan Fernández Islands	Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island)	introduced invasive cultivated	Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John (2011)
Chile (offshore islands) Juan Fernández Islands	Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island)	introduced invasive cultivated	Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido (2006) (pp. 482, 528, 553) Voucher cited: Danton I(5/206)1551. "En RC, representa además un riesgo genético potencial para el endémico E. fernandezianus (Colla) Solbrig. La vimos cultivada en pocos jardines del pueblo de San Juan Bautista, pero su vigor y la facilidad con la cual se naturaliza deben, con el tiempo, dar a temer lo peor".
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	cultivated	Sykes, Bill (year unknown)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (p. 305) Vouchers cited: DA 16438, DA 16091
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 34216) Taxon name on voucher: Erigeron karvinskianus DC.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 34217) Taxon name on voucher: Erigeron karvinskianus DC.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 315)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 315)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 315)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Hughes, Guy D'Oyly (1995) (p. 2) Voucher cited: Hughes 36 (BISH) Sparingly naturalized in wet montane forest and along stream beds to at least 750 m elevation.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 315) Voucher cited: Forbes 1700.0 (BISH)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)	introduced invasive cultivated	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 159)
Australia Australia (continental)	New South Wales	introduced invasive	Harley, Barbara (2009)
China China	Hong Kong	introduced invasive	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 281) In wasteland.
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 190)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 192)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 159)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	MacDonald, I. A. W./Thebaud, C./Strahm, W. A./Strasberg, D. (1991) (pp. 51-61)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Lavergne, Christophe (2006) "Très envahissant"
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Baret, Stephane/Rouget, Mathieu/Richardson, David M./Lavergne, Christophe/Egoh, Benis/Dupont, Joel/Strasberg, Dominique (2006) (p. 758)

Comments:  A major problem on Kauai, Hawai‘i; spreading elsewhere. A serious weed on La Réunion.

Control: 

Physical:  "Dig out small spots: Avoid any unnecessary soil disturbance, Leave on site to rot down. plant material carefully. If seed is present, dispose of all plant material at a refuse transfer centre or burn it"  (Weedbusters New Zealand).

Chemical" "Sensitive to hormone type herbicides 2,4-D, dicamba and triclopyr and to soil-applied hexazinone and tebuthiuron" (Motooka et al., 2003).

"1. Spray: clopyralid (1ml/L). Selective.  2. Spray: glyphosate (10ml/L + penetrant in winter) or metsulferon-methyl 600g/kg (2g/10L + penetrant (knapsack) or 15g/100 L + penetrant (spraygun))"  (Weedbusters New Zealand).

Additional information:
Excerpt from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).
Photos and additional information at the Environment Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, web site of the Bay of Plenty Regional Council (see thumbnails above).
Information and photos at Weeds of Blue Mountains bushland.
Information sheet from Weedbusters New Zealand.

Additional online information about Erigeron karvinskianus is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Erigeron karvinskianus as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Erigeron karvinskianus may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John. 2011. Naturalized species in the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile. Unpublished spreadsheet.

Baret, Stephane/Rouget, Mathieu/Richardson, David M./Lavergne, Christophe/Egoh, Benis/Dupont, Joel/Strasberg, Dominique. 2006. Current distribution and potential extent of the most invasive alien plant species on La Réunion (Indian Ocean, Mascarene islands). Austral Ecology (2006) 31, 747-758.

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 34216 (Parham, J.W. 16091).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 34217 (Smith, A.C. 16438).

Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. 1998. Potential environmental weeds in Australia: Candidate species for preventative control. Canberra, Australia. Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia. 208 pp.

Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido. 2006. Nouveau catalogue de la flore vaculaire de l'archipel Juan Fernández (Chile) [Nuevo catálogo de la flora vacular del Archipélago Juan Fernández (Chile)]. Acta Bot. Gallica 153(4):399-587.

Harley, Barbara. 2009. Weeds of Blue Mountains bushland. (online resource).

Hughes, Guy D'Oyly. 1995. New Hawaiian plant records II. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1994. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 42:1-10.

Lavergne, Christophe. 2006. List des especes exotiques envahissantes a La Reunion. Unpublished manuscript (Excel file). .

MacDonald, I. A. W./Thebaud, C./Strahm, W. A./Strasberg, D. 1991. Effects of alien plant invasions on native vegetation remnants on La Reunion (Mascarenes Islands, Indian Ocean). Environmental Conservation 18 (1):51-61.

Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro. 2004. Invasive alien species in Japan: the status quo and the new regulation for prevention of their adverse effects. Global Environmental Research 8(2)/2004: 171-191.

Motooka, Philip/Castro, Luisa/Nelson, Duane/Nagai, Guy/Ching, Lincoln. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa. 184 pp.

Motooka, Philip/Ching, Lincoln/Nagai, Guy. 2002. Herbicidal Weed Control Methods for Pasture and Natural Areas of Hawaii. Cooperative Extension Service, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i. CTAHR free publication WC-8.

Orchard, Anthony E., ed. 1994. Flora of Australia. Vol. 49, Oceanic islands 1. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Owen, S. J. 1997. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: A database. Working draft. Wellington, New Zealand. Department of Conservation.

Smith, Albert C. 1991. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 5. 626 pp.

Sykes, Bill. 0. Bill Sykes, pers. com.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. 1988. Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch. 1365 pp.

Wu, Te-lin. 2001. Check List of Hong Kong Plants. Hong Kong Herbarium and the South China Institute of Botany. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department Bulletin 1 (revised). 384 pp.