Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC., Asteraceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Emilia javanica (Burm. f.) C. B. Rob.

Common name(s): [more details]

English: Cupid's shaving-brush, emilia, Flora's paint brush, purple sow thistle, red tassel-flower, sow thistle

Fijian: se vuka

French: émilie

Japanese: usubeni-nigana

Mangarevan: runa

Niuean: pualele, pupu lele

Samoan: fua lele, fua lele, fua lele lili‘i, fua lele lili‘i, fualele, meleni vao, pualele

Spanish: borlitas

Tongan: longlongo‘uha

Habit:  herb

Description:  "An annual herb; root a branched taproot; stems weak, erect or often branched at the base, smooth or sparingly hairy, 10 to 60 cm tall; lower leaves deeply and irregularly pinnately or bluntly toothed; lobes nearly round, kidney-shaped, ovate, triangular-ovate or obovate, 4 to 16 cm long, 1 to 8 cm wide with narrowly winged petioles; upper leaves smaller than lower leaves, alternate, usually entire, sometimes coarsely dentate, sessile and somewhat clasping the main stem;  inflorescence a terminal, involucrate flower head resembling a single flower, 12 to 14  mm long, 4 to 5 mm wide, urn-shaped, long-peduncled; flowering branches usually dichotomously branched with 3 to 6 heads, each head or capitulum a composite of numerous florets; involucre green, cylindrical, somewhat inflated below, in a single series; inner florets perfect, outer ones pistillate, 30 to 60 per head, flowers purple, scarlet, red, pink, orange, white or lilac; ovary inferior, one cell, one oval with basal placentation; fruit a dry indehiscent achene prismatic, 2.4 to 3 mm long, narrowly oblong with 5 shortly hairy ribs alternating with indistinct, smooth ribs, outer achenes reddish brown, inner ones off-white; pappus white, abundant, 8 mm long.  This species is recognized by the sowthistle-like leaves, the long-peduncled, usually dichotomously branched inflorescence and the single ring of involucral bracts that are somewhat inflated below"  (Holm et al., 1977; p. 342).

"Similar to [E. coccinea and E. fosbergii] except:  usually more slender and branched.  Leaves usually lyrate-pinnatifid and dentate, the lower ones usually pinnately lobed.  Involucre 2-4 times as long as wide, as long as corolla, consisting of ca. 8 bracts, usually 9-12 mm long; florets usually 20-40 per head, corollas lavender to pale purple, as long as the involucral bracts or scarcely surpassing them, the lobes 0.3-1.7 mm long"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 312).

var. sonchifolia:  "Heads narrowly cylindric, about 3 times as long as broad, 10-12 x 3-4 mm, the phyllaries 6-10, the flowers 15-30 per head, the corolla lobes 0.5-0.7 mm long" (Smith, 1991; pp. 318-320).

var. javanica:  "Heads broadly cylindric, about twice as long as broad, 10-13 x 6-8 mm, the phyllaries 8-10, the flowers 25-35 per head, the corolla lobes 1-1.5 mm long" (Smith, 1991; pp. 318-320).

Habitat/ecology:  "Occurs in open grassy or waste areas, dry stony areas, roadsides, plantation crops such as tea and bananas, and cultivated annual crops.  It grows from sea level to 1000 m and inhabits many soil types" (Holm et al., 1977; p. 342).

In Hawai‘i, "naturalized at low elevations in dry, disturbed areas" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 312).  In Fiji, "naturalized from near sea level to about 900 m as a weed in cultivated areas and villages, along roadsides, on open hillsides among reeds and on edges of open ponds, and sometimes in forested areas" (Smith, 1991; pp. 318-320).  In Niue, "a locally common plantation weed.  Occasionally it grows in other open places" (Sykes, 1970; p. 65).  "Common in sunny disturbed places" (Whistler, 1988; p. 10). In Papua New Guinea, "a weed of cultivation, pastures, roadsides and wasteland" (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p. 72). In Tonga, "a plantation and waste-area weed" (Yuncker, 1959; pp. 269-270).  In Taiwan, "common in coastal regions, sandy places, wastelands, roadside and paddy ridges, sea level to about 850 m"  (Digital Flora of Taiwan).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  Eastern and southern Asia and western Pacific (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 312).

var. sonchifolia:  "Pantropical, but probably originating in southern Asia..."  (Smith, 1991; pp. 318-320).

var. javanica:  "presumably indigenous in eastern Asia and Malesia, spreading eastward as far as the Tuamotus, Marquesas, and Hawai'i.  Probably it reached the Fijian Region early in the present century..."  (Smith, 1991; pp. 318-320).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9529
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 68) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9529 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: Harris 242, Yuncker 9107, Yuncker 9123, Whistler 1390
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 68) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9123 (BISH), Yuncker 9107 (BISH), W. Harris 242 (BISH)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 92)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 131)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Anon. (1988) (p. 2)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Setchell, William Albert (1924) (p. 41)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 287)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 42) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 2316 (US), Fosberg 31614 (US, BISH, Fo)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 287)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 42) Voucher cited: Falanruw 1958 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Asuncion Island	introduced	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 64) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-59195
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Guguan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 287)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Guguan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 42) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1813 (US), Falanruw 1820b (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Guguan Island	introduced	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 64) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-58925
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 287)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 42) Vouchers cited: Moore 429 (US), Fosberg 31369 (US), Anderson 613 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 287)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 287)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 287)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Nassau Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011) ?
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Rakahanga Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 287)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 287)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 287)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 13) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 287)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 97) Vouchers cited: Glassman 2752 (US), Glassman 2777 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 73) Vouchers cited: F.R. Fosberg 58428a (BISH), F.R. Fosberg 58509 (BISH), S.F. Glassman 2777 (BISH), L. Stemmermann 3015 (BISH), M. Takamatsu 778 (BISH), N.S. Tangalin 1268 (PTBG) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2007) (voucher ID: PTBG 50091) Taxon name on voucher: Emilia sonchifolia var. sonchifolia
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. (1969) (p. 14) Voucher cited: Fosberg 46672 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 287)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 318-320) Vouchers cited: var. sonchifolia: DA 1300
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 318-320) Vouchers cited: var. sonchifolia: Smith 6883; var. javanica: DA 5694, DA 10775
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 318-320) Vouchers cited: var. sonchifolia: Greenwood 167, Smith 4311, DA 10424, im Thurn 130, Parks 20622, DA 5996, DA 1891, Greenwood 167A, DA 11914, DA 11079, Smith 7089, DA 10624; var. javanica: DA 10291, Smith 4335, Parks 20621, DA 5994, DA 9815
Fiji Fiji Islands	Yasawas Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 318-320) Voucher cited: var. sonchifolia: St. John 18173
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Agakauitai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Agakauitai Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 25) Voucher cited: St. John 14917 (BISH)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Aukena Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: B. Huguenin s.n. (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 25) Vouchers cited: Agassiz 129 (GH), St. John 14478 (BISH), St. John 14904 (BISH)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Taravai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Taravai Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 25) Voucher cited: St. John 14775 (BISH)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Tauna Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 25) Voucher cited: St. John 14753 (BISH)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. javanica (N.L. Burman) J. Mattfeld. Voucher cited: J. Florence & M. Teikiteetini 9339 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39395) Taxon name on voucher: Emilia sonchifolia
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. javanica (N.L. Burman) J. Mattfeld. Vouchers cited: B.G. Decker 502 (PAP), B.G. Decker 668 (PAP), B.G. Decker 774 (PAP), B.G. Decker 775 (PAP), B.G. Decker 1022 (PAP), B.G. Decker 1213 (PAP), M.-H. Sachet & B.G. Decker 1134 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 6764 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. javanica (N.L. Burman) J. Mattfeld. Vouchers cited: B.G. Decker 1990 (PAP), B.G. Decker 1943 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. javanica (N.L. Burman) J. Mattfeld. Voucher cited: B.G. Decker 2309 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 17)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 68) Voucher cited: Fosberg 64792 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 17)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. javanica (N.L. Burman) J. Mattfeld. Voucher cited: J. Florence 10292 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 17) var. javanica (Burm. f.) Mattf.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 76) Vouchers cited: Moore 35, Fosberg & Sachet 63244, BRY 26058
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: P. Morat 6945 (PAP), F.R. Fosberg & M.-H. Sachet 63244 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 17)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 76) Vouchers cited: Setchell & Parks 56, Grant 4019, Grant 3649
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 2445 (PAP), F.R. Fosberg 62871 (PAP); var. javanica (N.L. Burman) J. Mattfeld. Voucher cited: J. Florence , P. Birnbaum & M. Guérin 9701 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai Island	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 24) Voucher cited: Sachet 2572 (US)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Moruroa Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10057 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 39) Voucher cited: Sachet 2049 (US)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. javanica (N.L. Burman) J. Mattfeld. Voucher cited: M.-H. Sachet 2049 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikehau (Tikahau) Atoll	introduced	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 8083 (PAP)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 42033) Taxon name on voucher: Emilia sonchifolia
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. javanica (N.L. Burman) J. Mattfeld. Voucher cited: J. Florence 6115 (PAP); var. sonchifolia . Voucher cited: J. Florence 6114 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (pp. 590-592) Vouchers cited: Stone 4028 (GUAM), Stone 4127 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 287)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank L./Bartlett, Randal T. (2002) (p. 4) Var. sonchifolia; voucher cited: Oppenheimer H40019 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 312) Var. javanica (N.L. Burm.) Mattf. and var. sonchifolia
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank (2008) (p. 24) Voucher cited: Oppenheimer H120646 (BISH, PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Shannon, Robynn K./Herbst, Derral R. (1997) (p. 52) East Maui. Var. javanica (N.L. Burm.) Mattf. and var. sonchifolia; voucher cited: McKinnon et al. 510 (US)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 312) Var. javanica (N.L. Burm.) Mattf. and var. sonchifolia
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced	Luomala, Katharine (1951) (p. 174)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 92) Presence not verified.
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 100) Vouchers cited: Thaman & Manner 115 (SUVA), Thaman & Manner 22313 (SUVA)
New Caledonia Îles Bélep (Belep Islands)	Île Art	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 35) Voucher cited: MacKee 30546
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Loyauté (Loyalty Islands)	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Lifou	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 35) Voucher cited: MacKee 27277
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Tiga	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 35) Voucher cited: MacKee 45870
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Walpole	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 35) Voucher cited: Hmakone & Sam in MacKee 25849
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 379) Rudérale, nombreuses localités
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 35) Vouchers cited: Franc 2226, Buchholz 1518, MacKee 17379, Suprin 2287
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 35) Voucher cited: MacKee 13079
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 65) Vouchers cited: CHR 170494, CHR 170495
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 10)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 119) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9747 (BISH), Yuncker 10071 (BISH) "Common weed in plantations, along roadsides and in waste areas".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 42)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 287)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 103)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 287)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 101)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 63) Voucher: Lorence 9819 (PTBG, BNM, NY, US)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 112) Taxon name on voucher: Emilia sonchifolia
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 287)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 97)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1977) (voucher ID: BNM 10008) Taxon name on voucher: Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 97)
Palau Rock Islands	Aulupse‘el Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 287)
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago		Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 567) Abundant.
Papua New Guinea Bougainville Islands	Bougainville Island		Foreman, D. B. (1971) (p. 37)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	invasive	Henty, E. E./Pritchard, G. H. (1975) (p. 72) Common from near sea level to about 1000 m.
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 61)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (p. 620) In open waste places, cultivated land, etc., in and about towns and settlements at low and medium altitudes.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 10)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 92)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 71)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘apai Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 8) Vouchers cited: Soakai 298, Soakai 549
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 269-270) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15706
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 269-270) "Found throughout Tonga".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 8) Voucher cited: Soakai 950
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 269-270) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15656
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 8) Vouchers cited: Setchell & Parks "a", Soakai 785, Soakai 793
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 269-270) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15276
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 348)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 8) Vouchers cited: Soakai 849, Soakai 1021
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Tuvalu Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 92)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Johnston Atoll	Johnston Island	introduced invasive	Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. (1976) (p. 60)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Palmyra Atoll	Palmyra Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 33) An occasional volunteer.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 92)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Morat, Ph./Veillon, J.-M. (1985) Morat & Veillon, 1985, cited in Meyer, 2007
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 10)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 340)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 340)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
China China	China (People's Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 340)
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 280) In wasteland or on margins of farmlands.
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 340)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 343)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 340)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 343)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 343)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 340)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	introduced	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 340)
Negara Brunei Darussalam Brunei	Brunei (Negara Brunei Darussalam)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 343)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 340)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	uncertain if introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 38) Weed of uncertain origin
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 340)
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	native	Ching-I Peng, ed. (2011)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 37)
Maldives Maldive Islands	Malè Atoll		Fosberg, F. R. (1957) (p. 35) "Common in dense weedy sod back of beach". Voucher cited: Fosberg 36855 (US)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 141)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 46) Voucher cited: Robertson 2644

Comments:  May hybridize with Emilia fosbergii where they occur together (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 312).

Additional information:
Additional online information about Emilia sonchifolia is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Emilia sonchifolia as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Emilia sonchifolia may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

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