Echinochloa oryzoides Fritsch, Poaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: shui tian bai

English: early barnyard grass, early water grass

Habit:  grass

Description:  "Annual, culms 25-150 cm high, erect.  Leaf-blades 7-35 cm long, 5-12 mm wide; ligule absent; sheaths smooth and glabrous.  Inflorescence linear to narrowly ovate, 6-25 cm long, the racemes irregularly 2-rowed, the longest 2.5 cm long, usually simple.  Spikelets ovate-elliptic, 3.8-6.5 mm long, hispid; lower lemma acuminate or with an awn up to 2.5 cm long; upper lemma 3.5-5 mm long, including the short herbaceous tip" (Cope, 1982; p. 196).

Description from GrassBase.

Habitat/ecology:  "A weed in fields of rice, rarely in other crops, sometimes near roads and irrigation channels; up to lower mountain belt" (Tsvelev, 1976; pp. 1001-1002).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  Widely naturalized, including in the United States, origin uncertain (GRIN).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1907)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 65)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
China China	China (People's Republic of)	invasive	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) A weed of rice fields. Anhui, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan.
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)		Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 134)
North Korea North Korea	North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of)		Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011)
South Korea South Korea	South Korea (Republic of)		Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 65)
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	invasive	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) A weed of rice fields.
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 65)

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	United States (other states)	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011) Naturalized

Additional information:
Additional online information about Echinochloa oryzoides is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Echinochloa oryzoides as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Echinochloa oryzoides may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Cope, Thomas A. 1982. Poaceae. In: Nasir, E. and S. I. Ali, eds. Flora of Pakistan, no. 143.

Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp.

Tsvelev, N. N. 1976. Grasses of the Soviet Union. 1983 English translation.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. 2011. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Waterhouse, D. F. 1993. The major arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture in Southeast Asia. The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 141 pp.

Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong. 2011. Flora of China (online resource).