Echinochloa colona (L.) Link, Poaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  Reject, score: 9 (Go to the risk assessment)

Common name(s): [more details]

Bontoc: tumi

Chamorro: chaguan-agaga

Chinese: guang tou bai

English: awnless barnyard grass, birds rice, corn panic grass, Deccan grass, jungle rice, jungle ricegrass, little baryard grass, millet-rice, pigeon millet, shama millet, short millet, swampgrass

French: blé du Dekkan, herbe de Greslan, herbe de riz, herbe sifflette

Iloko: dukayang

Other: riz de jungle

Palauan: uaum

Samoan: sefa, sefa

Spanish: arrocillo, camalote, champa, grama de verano, grama pintada, hualcacho, liendre de puerco, paja de apto, pasto colorado, pasto del arroz, pata de conejo, zacate de agua, zacate pinto

Tagalog: pulang puit

Tongan: matala‘ulie, muhuku‘apopoa

Habit:  grass

Description:  "Tufted annual up to 60 cm tall; culms prostrate to subascending, branched, glabrous, nodose; sheaths smooth; ligule obsolete; blades 4-20 cm long, 3-8 mm wide; inflorescence slender, 5-10 (-15) cm long, of 4-several racemes, these 1-2 cm long, spreading, or somewhat steeply ascending, subdistant; rachis finely scabrid; spikelets crowded, in 4 rows, subelliptic, 2.5-3 mm long, greenish or purplish; pericels very short, finely scabrid; first glume hispidulous, ovate, acute 1.2-1.5 mm long 3-nerved; second glume 2.5-3 mm long, 7-nerved; sterile lemma similar to second glume, with a palea; fertile lemma 2 mm long, ovate, glossy; caryopsis 1.7-2 mm long, whitish"  (Stone, 1970; p. 212).

Illustration by International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) courtesy Ecoport.

Description from GrassBase.

Habitat/ecology:  "A common weed of ditches and moist ground in warmer regions of the world" (Wiggins & Porter, 1971; p. 848).

On Guam, weedy in wet or swampy places, near marshes, around waterpipes, etc. (Stone, 1970; p. 212).  In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in wet or seasonally wet, disturbed areas, 0-280 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1535).  In Fiji, "occurs from sea level to about 200 m in wet places such as rice fields, roadsides, river banks, shores of ponds, the inner edges of mangrove swamps, old clearings, etc." (Smith, 1979; p. 341).  In New Caledonia, "localement commun en stations humides dans le Sud de la Grande-Terre" (MacKee, 1994; p. 59). "Common in sunny disturbed places and croplands" (Whistler, 1988; p. 51).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  "Widespread throughout the tropics of Asia and Africa and apparently of early occurrence in tropical America" (Smith, 1979; p. 341).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island	introduced	Ragone, Diane/Lorence, David H. (2003) (p. 50)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 35356) Taxon name on voucher: Echinochloa colona (L.) Link
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: Whistler 1348, Whistler 3323
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1991) (voucher ID: PTBG 9511) Taxon name on voucher: Echinochloa colona
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 91)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Anon. (1988) (p. 1)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Setchell, William Albert (1924) (p. 113)
Chile (offshore islands) Juan Fernández Islands	Isla Más Afuera (Alejandro Selkirk Island)	introduced invasive	Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido (2006) (p. 553)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 40)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 40)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 40)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Pukapuka Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 345) Taxon name on voucher: Echinochloa colona
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santiago Group	Santiago Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 40)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 40)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 62)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 24877) Taxon name on voucher: Echinochloa colona
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 40)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (pp. 127-128) Voucher cited: Glassman 2427 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (pp. 56-57) Vouchers cited: B. Ekiek 115 (NY, PTBG), F.R. Fosberg 58502 (BISH), S.F. Glassman 2427 (BISH), E.Y. Hosaka 3486 (BISH), N.L.H. Krauss 1887 (BISH) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1996) (voucher ID: PTBG 24535) Taxon name on voucher: Echinochloa colona (L.) Link
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1996) (voucher ID: PTBG 24536) Taxon name on voucher: Echinochloa colona (L.) Link
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 24625) Taxon name on voucher: Echinochloa colona (L.) Link
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 40)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 40)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kambara Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 341)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kanathea Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 341)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 341) Voucher cited: DA 9066
Fiji Fiji Islands	Koro Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 341)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 341)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Matuku Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 341)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Mbatiki Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 341)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Moala Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 341)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Moturiki Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 341)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Nayau Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 341)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ngau Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 341) Voucher cited: Smith 7968
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rambi Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 341) Voucher cited: DA 5768
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 341) Voucher cited: DA 8893
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 341) Vouchers cited: DA 5022, Smith 6660, Smith 6633, DA 3128, DA 8847, Smith 334
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 341)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vatulele Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 341)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 341) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 31A, DA 8249, DA 8148, DA 7999, DA 8661, DA 7862, DA 8075, DA 8402, DA 426, DA 7534, DA 7765, DA 8460, DA 307, DA 7438
Fiji Fiji Islands	Wailagi Lala (Wailangilala) Atoll	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 341) Voucher cited: DA 3454
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Akamaru Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Akamaru Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 7) Vouchers cited: St. John 14694, St. John 14710
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Aukena Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Aukena Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 7) Voucher cited: St. John 14608
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Taravai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Taravai Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 7) Voucher cited: St. John 14811 (BISH)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39482) Taxon name on voucher: Echinochloa colona
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39822) Taxon name on voucher: Echinochloa colona
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 4093 (PAP), J. Florence 6925 (PAP), B. Toutain 4218 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1988) (voucher ID: PTBG 8782) Taxon name on voucher: Echinochloa colona
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: K.R. Wood 6436 (PAP), S.P. Perlman & E. Vogt 15893 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 335) Voucher cited: Grant 4169
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 12) Voucher cited: Fosberg 64790 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: F.R. Fosberg 64790 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 335) Voucher cited: Florence 2211
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 2211 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 335) Voucher cited: Moore 121
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 3465 (PAP), P. Morat 6941 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 335) Vouchers cited: Grant 4162, Grant 4169, BRY 26044
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J, Florence 10166 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 5634 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J, Florence 6334 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J, Florence 6136 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 212) Vouchers cited: Stone 3935 (GUAM), Stone 4079 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 40)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1535)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1535)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1535)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1535)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1535)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1535)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1535)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1535) Voucher cited: Nuttall s. n. (BISH)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 84) Voucher cited: Whistler 11181
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1998) (voucher ID: PTBG 43968) Taxon name on voucher: Echinochloa colona
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 70) Vouchers cited: Scully 150N (US?), Thaman & Manner 155 (SUVA)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 91)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 59) Voucher cited: Brousmiche 674
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 51) Voucher cited: Sykes 1250
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 40)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 101)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 40)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 97)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1981) (voucher ID: BNM 3136) Taxon name on voucher: Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1978) (voucher ID: BNM 10160) Taxon name on voucher: Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 40)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 97)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 59) Voucher: Lorence 9714 (PTBG, BNM, NY, US)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 7) Taxon name on voucher: Echinochloa colona
Palau Rock Islands	Aulupse‘el Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 40)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngeremdiu Island	eradicated invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 7) One specimen found, pulled and disposed of. Voucher: Lorence 9885 (PTBG, BNM, NY, US)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngeremdiu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 178) Taxon name on voucher: Echinochloa colona (L.) Link
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Henty, E. E. (1969) (p. 81) Throughout New Guinea to at least 6,000 ft., preferring wet, fertile soil.
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 61)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Merrill, Elmer D. (1925) (p. 62) At low and medium altitudes. In open, rather wet places.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 51)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Burcham, L. T. (1948) (p. 407) Voucher cited: Burcham 71 (US)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 91)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 70)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘apai Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 99) Voucher cited: Soakai 297
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 99) Voucher cited: Soakai 984 (EI)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 61-62) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15468
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 99) Vouchers cited: Lawrence 94, Lawrence 173, Ilolahia 53
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 61-62) Vouchers cited: Hürlmann 110, Hürlmann 315, Yuncker 15156, Yuncker 15183
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuafo‘ou Island		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 51)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 99) Voucher cited: Soakai 768
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 91)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 51)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	New South Wales	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 45)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 45)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Chile (continental) Chile	Chile (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 45)
China China	China (People's Republic of)		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 54)
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 333) In farmlands and wet places.
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 45)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 133)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 133)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 192)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 46)
Negara Brunei Darussalam Brunei	Brunei (Negara Brunei Darussalam)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 46)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 46)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	uncertain if introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 37) Weed of uncertain origin
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 46)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	extirpated	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 112)
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 20)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 46)
French Territory of Mayotte Mayotte Islands	Mayotte Island	introduced invasive	Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2010)

Additional information:
Additional online information about Echinochloa colona is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Echinochloa colona as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Echinochloa colona may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

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