Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff.) Martelli, Dilleniaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  Evaluate, score: 3 (Go to the risk assessment)

Common name(s): [more details]

English: shrubby dillenia, shrubby simpoh, shrubby simpohlenia

Habit:  shrub/tree

Description:  "Large shrubs or small trees, evergreen, up to 10 m. Leaves elliptic to ovate, 15-30 by 8-15 cm, 12-20-nerved, rounded to obtuse at apex, obtuse at base, base continuous with petiolar wings. Petiole 2-6 cm, with 4-10 mm broad persistent wings enclosing terminal bud in young leaf. Flowers in up to 18-flowered terminal simple or compound racemose inflorescences, 8-12 cm across. Pedicel 1-3 cm. Sepals obovate, 15-22 by 8-12 mm. Petals yellow, 40-50 by 25-30 mm. Staminodes ca 100, 4-6 mm long, outside stamens. Stamens ca 175, outer ones curved, inner ones reflexed at apex, from 8 (outermost) to 13 (innermost) mm long. Carpels 5-8, ca 5 by 2 mm with 10 mm long style; each with 7-10 ovules. Fruit dehiscent, sepals reflexed, carpels spreading, red, ca 20-25 by 10-16 mm. Seeds arillate" (Hoogland, 1972; p. 101).

Habitat/ecology:  Moist forests.

Propagation:  Seed, fruits spread by birds. Low branches root.

Native range:  Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Sato, Pauline (1998) (p. 15) Voucher cited: H. Fraiola s.n. (BISH 649596) Naturalized in disturbed moist forest.

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	native	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 34) Common

Comments:  Widely grown as an ornamental shrub in tropical countries and naturalized in Ceylon, W. Java, Jamaica and possibly Luzon (Hoogland, 1972; p. 101).

Additional information:
Additional online information about Dillenia suffruticosa is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Dillenia suffruticosa as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Dillenia suffruticosa may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore. 273 pp.

Hoogland, R. D. 1972. Dilleniacea. In: Flora of Thailand, vol. 2, part 2.

Sato, Pauline. 1998. A new naturalized plant species in windward O‘ahu, Hawai‘i. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1997. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 56:15.

Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral/Imada, Clyde T. 2000. Survey of invasive or potentially invasive cultivated plants in Hawai‘i. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers No. 65. 35 pp.

U. S. Government. 2011. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) (on-line resource).

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).