Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler, Poaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Digitaria adscendens (Kunth) Henrard

Common name(s): [more details]

English: bamboo grass, crabgrass, Henry's crabgrass, large crabgrass, smooth crabgrass, southern crabgrass, summer grass, tropical crab grass, tropical finger grass

French: digitaire ciliée

Hawaiian: kūkaepua‘a

Japanese: mehishiba

Marshallese: wûjooj, wûjooj aetok

Niuean: saulangi

Spanish: hierba conejo, pangola

Habit:  grass

Description:  "Tufted or creeping annual grass.  Culms ascending, 20-100 cm long, base decumbent, rooting at the lower hairy or glabrous nodes.  Leaf sheath keeled, bearing long tubercle-based hairs or sometimes glabrous, margins membranous; ligule membranous, truncate, 1-3 mm long.  Leaf blade 4-25 x 0.3-1 cm; surfaces glabrous or hairy; one margin often crinkled.  Inflorescence of 4-12 spreading, subdigitate racemes mostly 7-15 cm long, in 1-3 whorls; rachis 3-angled with scabrous margins.  Spikelets lanceolate, 2.5-3.3 mm long, in unequally pedicellate pairs.  Lower glume reduced to a scale, upper glume 1/2-3/4 as long as spikelet, acute, 3-nerved, margins hairy.  Sterile lemma as long as spikelet, 7-nerved, with lateral nerves crowded towards the margins, leaving bread interspaces along midvein" (Whistler, 1995; p. 164).

Description from World Grass Species.

Habitat/ecology:  "It is usually found at low elevations and in warm regions.  It frequently grows in lawns, lowland pastures, field crops, plantation crops, open ground and disturbed areas.  It grows from sea level to 1,600 m in Indonesia.  Thriving in moist areas, it can be come a major problem in irrigated lands"  (Holm et al., 1977; p. 251).

Sunny disturbed areas to 900 m elevation (Whistler, 1995; p. 164). In Hawai‘i, "naturalized and abundant in lawns and pastures, where it forms thick mats, 0-920m" (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1530-1531). In Fiji, "common in cultivated areas, waste places, along roadsides, and on open hillsides, occurring from sea level to about 1,000 m" (Smith, 1979; pp. 326-327).

Propagation:  "The plants produce many seeds and several seed crops may be produced each year if grazing or mowing occurs.  The plants may also spread and reproduce by rooting at the nodes and, in this manner, can form thick, nearly prostrate mats 0.6 m or more in diameter" (Holm et al., 1977; p. 251).

Native range:  Tropical Asia

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 39)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Whistler 3448
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 45)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Whistler 3327
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island		Whistler, W. A. (1983) (p. 17) Voucher cited: Whistler 3438
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 50) Voucher cited: Sykes 93
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 35)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 83856) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 430396) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 22) "Probably introduced for fodder but common as a weed throughout the tropics". Voucher cited: L.M. Bingley 2 (K)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 12) "Probably introduced for fodder but common as a weed throughout the tropics". Vouchers cited: W.R. Sykes NI 637 (CHR); R.M.Laing (CHR); M.Lazarides 8048 (CANB, K); Jan. 1900, Dr. Axford (NSW)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 37)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 11) Voucher cited: Fosberg 31606 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 124236) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 37) ?
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 11)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Asuncion Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 37)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Asuncion Island	introduced	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 64) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-59037
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Farallon de Pajaros (Uracas) Island	introduced	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 64) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-59189
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Guguan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (pp. 11-12) Voucher cited: Falanruw 1801 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 37)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 11) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 31401 (US, BISH, Fo), Fosberg 31366 (US, BISH, Fo)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 124238) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 697529) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 37) ?
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 124237) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 37)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 124239) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 37) ?
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 11)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 37)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 697531) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 697532) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 699661) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Manihiki Atoll		Sykes, Bill (year unknown)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Manuae Atoll (Northern Cook Islands)		Sykes, Bill (year unknown)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Penrhyn (Tongareva) Island		Sykes, Bill (year unknown)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Pukapuka Atoll		Sykes, Bill (year unknown)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Rakahanga Atoll		Sykes, Bill (year unknown)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		Sykes, Bill (year unknown)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1960) (voucher ID: BISH 10180) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		Sykes, Bill (year unknown)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 664867) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		Sykes, Bill (year unknown)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		Sykes, Bill (year unknown)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Palmerston (Avarau) Island		Sykes, Bill (year unknown)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Sykes, Bill (year unknown)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 124209) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 124210) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 415800) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 664864) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 664865) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 699845) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Darwin Islands	Darwin Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Genovesa Group	Genovesa Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcan Alcedo	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcan Cerro Azul	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcan Darwin	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcan Sierra Negra	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santiago Group	Rábida Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santiago Group	Santiago Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 37)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 27)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 37)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 27)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 37)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 27)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 37)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 27)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 37)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (2005) (p. 9) Voucher cited: Flynn 6078 (PTBG)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 62)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 37)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 124301) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 37)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 447848) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 37)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 124306) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 326-327) Voucher cited: DA 8942
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 326-327) Vouchers cited: DA 8733, DA 11774, DA 8746, DA 10474, DA 11768
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 326-327) Vouchers cited: DA 10336, DA 8160, Gibbs 867, DA 2429, DA 7995, DA 9104, DA 8077, DA 7046, DA 8379, DA 9386, DA 7547, DA 9322, DA 9095
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1961) (voucher ID: BISH 31663) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1959) (voucher ID: BISH 31664) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1955) (voucher ID: BISH 31669) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1955) (voucher ID: BISH 31672) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1956) (voucher ID: BISH 31756) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 555091) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 554392) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 12) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 64841 (US), Fosberg 64834 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 642911) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 334) Voucher cited: Florence 5024
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 574247) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 334) Voucher cited: BRY 26047
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1994) (voucher ID: BISH 639442) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rapa Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 493246) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 209)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 37)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 649447) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 649457) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 649558) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 697530) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 1000214) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 1000215) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	French Frigate Shoals	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1530-1531)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1530-1531)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1530-1531)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1530-1531)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kure Atoll	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1530-1531)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1530-1531)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lehua Island	introduced invasive	Wood, K. R./LeGrande, Maya (2006) (p. 26) Vouchers cited: K.R. Wood & VanderWerf 9876 (BISH, PTBG, US), K.R. Wood et al. 11343 (BISH, PTBG, US), K.R. Wood 11535 (PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1530-1531)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1530-1531)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1530-1531)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1530-1531)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands		Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Japan (offshore islands) Marcus Island	Marcus Island (Minami Tori Shima)	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 37) ?
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 37) Not seen in 1973 or 1975. Vouchers cited: Hatheway 518 (US), Degener & Hatheway 21315 (US), Degener & Degener 24645 (US), Degener & Degener 24648 (US), Clegern 42 (BISH)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Orona (Hull) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 37) Vouchers cited: Fosberg & Stoddart 54813 (US, HAW), Clegern 113 (BISH). Also ssp. chrysoblephara (Fig. & De Not.) S.T. Blake; voucher cited: Jenkin 4 (K)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Orona (Hull) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1964) (voucher ID: BISH 51562) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2006) (p. 4) "Common; patches in grassy and ruderal areas, sometimes intermixed with vines and shrubs".
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 82) Voucher cited: Fosberg 39499. Not seen on this survey and may no longer be present.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1959) (p. 2) Voucher cited: Fosberg 39499 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 124240) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 527507) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 527535) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Rongelap (Roñlap) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 37)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 3) "Common; in lawns and ruderal areas, including lawn at B&B; ID needs confirmation".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 50)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Maloelap Atoll		Vander Velde, Nancy (year unknown)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 37)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 69) Voucher cited: Fosberg 59604 (US)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 91)
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1977) (p. 166)
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Edgar, E./Connor, H. (2000) (p. 541) "Common to very common in waste and open places".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 240) Vouchers cited: CHR 168759, CHR 168758, CHR 168764
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 50)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 42)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 88)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 37)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 85)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 432402) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 37)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 80)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 80)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 80)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 90)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngercheu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92) Carp Resort
Palau Rock Islands	Ngerchong Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngidech Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Pulo Ana Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 94) Digitaria sp.
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 50) Voucher cited: Given s. n.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 50) Voucher cited: Whistler 112
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 83897) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 83908) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 421408) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 91)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 66)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Kao Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 639261) Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Drake, D. R./Whistler, W. A./Motley, T. J./Imada, C. T. (1996)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 50) Voucher cited: Soakai 457
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 352)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Midway Atoll	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1530-1531)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1959) (p. 9) Voucher cited: Branckamp s.n. (1936), Lyons 10, Fosberg 34936
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1969) (p. 4) Not seen in 1961 and 1963.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 61)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 50)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 252)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
China China	China (People's Republic of)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 252)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 252)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Edgar, E./Connor, H. (2000) (p. 541) "Common to very common in waste and open places".
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	native	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 252)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
United States (west coast) United States (west coast states)	USA (California)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 252)

Additional information:  Additional online information about Digitaria ciliaris is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Digitaria ciliaris may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 124209 (Wilder, G.P. 1051).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 124210 (Wilder, G.P. 1051).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 124306 (Takamatsu, M. 1867a).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 124239 (Hosaka, E.Y. 2909).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 447848 (Hosaka, E.Y. 3227).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 697530 (Hosaka, E.Y. 3120).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 697531 (Hosaka, E.Y. 2823).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 697532 (Fosberg, F.R. 24813).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 699661 (Hosaka, E.Y. 2836).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 124301 (Glassman, S.F. 2395).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 124236 (Fosberg, F.R. 31606).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 124237 (Fosberg, F.R. 31897).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 124238 (Fosberg, F.R. 31401).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 697529 (Fosberg, F.R. 31366).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1955. Voucher specimen #BISH 31669 (Parham, J.W. 8975).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1955. Voucher specimen #BISH 31672 (Nand, S. 9087).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1956. Voucher specimen #BISH 31756 (Parham, J.W. 10336).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 124240 (Fosberg, F.R. 39499).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1959. Voucher specimen #BISH 31664 (Walker, C. 11583).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1960. Voucher specimen #BISH 10180 (Krauss, N.L.H. 483).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1961. Voucher specimen #BISH 31663 (Koroiveibau, D. 12315).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1964. Voucher specimen #BISH 51562 (Long, C.R. 2005).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 83856 (Whistler, W.A. W 306).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 83897 (Whistler, W.A. W221).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 83908 (Whistler, W.A. W236).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 430396 (Whistler, W.A. W3760).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 415800 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1487).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 421408 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1587).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 432402 (Stemmermann, R.L. 3361).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 554392 (Florence, J. 4429).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 555091 (Florence, J. 4392).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 639261 (G.Buelow 2854).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 574247 (Florence, J. 5024).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 649447 (Herbst, D.R. 7192).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 649457 (Herbst, D.R. 7190).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 649558 (Herbst, D.R. 7186).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000214 (Herbst, D.R. 7192).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000215 (Herbst, D.R. 7190).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 493246 (Florence, J. 6554).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 527507 (Herbst, D.R. 8998).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 527535 (Herbst, D.R. 8957).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 642911 (Florence 10255).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 664864 (Sykes, W.R. 474894).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 664865 (Sykes, W.R. 474894).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 664867 (Sykes, W.R. 474606).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 699845 (Sykes, W.R. 474386).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1994. Voucher specimen #BISH 639442 (Welsh, S. 26047).

Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

Drake, D. R./Whistler, W. A./Motley, T. J./Imada, C. T. 1996. Rain forest vegetation of ‘Eua Island, Kingdom of Tonga. New Zealand Journal of Botany 34:65-77.

Edgar, E./Connor, H. 2000. Flora of New Zealand, vol. V: Gramineae. Manaaki Whenua Press. .

Fosberg, F. R. 1959. Vegetation and flora of Wake Island. Atoll Research Bulletin 67. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 20 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1959. Additional records of phanerogams from the northern Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 68. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 9 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1975. Vascular flora of the northern Marianas Islands. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 22:1-45.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1969. Wake Island vegetation and flora, 1961-1963. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 123. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 15 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1987. Flora of Maupiti, Society Islands. The Smithsonian Institution. Atoll Research Bulletin 294:1-70.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesica 20:1-126.

Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. 1994. Flora of the Phoenix Islands, central Pacific. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Research Bulletin 393. 60 pp.

Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar. 1980. Grass weeds, vol. 1. CIBA-GEIGY Ltd., Basle, Switzerland. 142 pp. + plates.

Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.

Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. 1977. The world’s worst weeds: distribution and biology. East-West Center/University Press of Hawaii. 609 pp.

Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. 2002. Invasive/weedy angiosperms in Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Invasive species and their management. Micronesica Suppl. 6:61-65.

Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 2005. Checklist of the plants of Kosrae. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 23 pp.

McCormack, Gerald. 2007. Cook Islands biodiversity and natural heritage. On-line database.

Ohba, T. 1994. Flora and vegetation of the northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia. Biological Expedition to the Northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia. In A. Asakua & T. Furuki, eds.  Natural History Research, Special issue no. 1, Chiba, Japan: Natural History Museum and Institute. pp. 13-69.

Orchard, Anthony E., ed. 1994. Flora of Australia. Vol. 49, Oceanic islands 1. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Smith, Albert C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 1. 494 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2000. Observations on invasive plant species in American Samoa.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 51 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate. 2004. Report to the Government of Niue and the United Nations Development Programme: Invasive plant species on Niue following Cyclone Heta. UNDP NIU/98/G31 - Niue Enabling Activity. 80 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. 2000. Invasive plant species in Chuuk, Federated States of Micronesia.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 41 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar. 2003. Report to the Republic of Palau on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 174 pp.

Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.

Swarbrick, John T. 1997. Weeds of the Pacific Islands. Technical paper no. 209. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 124 pp.

Sykes, Bill. 0. Bill Sykes, pers. com.

Sykes, W. R. 1970. Contributions to the flora of Niue. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 200, Wellington. 321 pp.

Sykes, W. R. 1977. Kermadec Islands flora: an annotated checklist. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 219, Wellington. 216 pp.

Sykes, W. R. 1981. The vegetation of Late, Tonga. Allertonia 2(6):323-353.

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U. S. Government. 2006. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) (on-line resource).

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2007. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Vander Velde, Nancy. 0. Nancy Vander Velde, pers. com.

Vander Velde, Nancy. 2003. The vascular plants of Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Atoll Research Bulletin No. 503:1-141.

Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian. 2006. Plants of Kili Island, Marshall Islands. Unpublished checklist. 12 pp.

Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian. 2007. Arno plants [preliminary working listing of plant species]. Unpublished checklist, 13 pp.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Waterhouse, D. F. 1993. The major invertebrate pests and weeds of agriculture in Southeast Asia. The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 141 pp.

Waterhouse, D. F. 1997. The major invertebrate pests and weeds of agriculture and plantation forestry in the Southern and Western Pacific. The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 93 pp.

Welsh, S. L. 1998. Flora Societensis: A summary revision of the flowering plants of the Society Islands. E.P.S. Inc., Orem, Utah. 420 pp.

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Whistler, W. A. 1990. The weeds of Manu‘a [unpublished checklist]. 18 pp.

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