Desmanthus pernambucanus (L.) Thell., Fabaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  See Desmanthus virgatus for risk assessments for a similar species.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: he huan cao

English: anil, pigeon bundleflower

Other: jureminha

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Erect or decumbent and scrambling perennial herbs or subshrubs, 0.5 to 2 m tall, little branched from the base.  Taproot cylindrical, woody, gnarled, bark brown, corky.  Young stems angled, red or green with golden corky ridges, sparsely pubescent with tangled white hairs; older stems terete, red or brown, shiny, glabrous.  Stipules persistent, 3.0-6.1 mm long, setiform with broad, nerved auricles at the base, one of which curves abaxially under the petiole, usually puberulent with white hairs.  Leaves 4.4-11.1 cm long, petiole 6-16 mm long, rachis 10-49 mm long, sparsely pubescent; pinnae 2-4 pairs, 15-54 mm long; nectary borne between the lowest pair of pinnae elliptical, sessile, crateriform or flattened, 1.0-3.3 mm wide, oblong to linear, rounded-oblique basally, mucronulate to rounded apically, glabrous, finely ciliate along the margin with white hairs, sometimes minutely denticulate where the hairs arise, venation obscure except excentric midvein.  Heads 1 per leaf axil, borne on peduncles 1.0-4.5 cm long.  Bract subtending each flower 1.0-2.1 mm long, 0.4-0.7 mm wide, deltate, pale green with red tips, membranous with an opaque midvein, peltate and pedicellate at the center of the head, sessile and often fused into a whorl at the base of the head, strongly 1-nerved, abaxially pubescent.  Floral buds obovate, apically rounded.  Heads 0.7-1.0 cm long containing 8-13 sterile, functionally male, and perfect flowers, rarely the male flowers absent.  Sterile flowers 2-4, calyx 0.9-1.7 mm long, 0.45-1.10 mm wide, 5-lobed, widely obconic, pale green with white margins; petals 1.6-2.7 mm long, 0.40-0.65 mm wide, obovate to oblanceolate, membranous, faintly 1-nerved, white or pale green with white margins; staminodia 10, 4.7-10.0 mm long, the same width as the filaments of the functional stamens to 3 times as wide, white.  Male flowers 0-4, lacking an ovary, otherwise with a perianth and androecium like that of the perfect flowers.  Perfect flowers 4-8, calyx 2.0-3.0 mm long, obconic, the tube 1.7-2.8 mm long, 0.8-1.5 mm in diameter, rimmed with free acute lobes 0.3-0.5 mm long, pale green with white margins, glabrous; petals 3.0-4.0 mm long, 0.5-0.89 mm wide, oblanceolate, green with red or purple tips, glabrous; stamens 10, rarely 5, 5.0-7.4 mm long, anthers eglandular; ovary 1.5-2.5 mm long, linear, glabrous, style 3.0-5.1 mm long, not exserted beyond the stamens.  Fruiting peduncles 2.4-5.6 cm long bearing 1-7 pods; legumes dehiscent along both sutures, the sutural ridges curling back over the valves causing the inner surface of the pods to be slightly convex; pod 4.5-8.5 cm long, 3.2-3.9 mm wide, narrow, linear, straight, tip mostly acute, rarely attenuate with a beak to 2 mm long, valves chartaceous, glabrous or rarely pubescent, nearly black at maturity, somewhat wrinkled with raised reticulate veins, the sutural ridges lighter in color than the valves.  Seeds 13-22 per pod, 2.4-3.2 mm long, 1.9-2.4 mm wide, obliquely inserted, ovate and flattened or rhomboidal and 4-angled, black or red-brown; pleurogram 0.7-1.0 mm wide, 0.7-1.5 mm deep, deeply U-shaped, symmetrical." (Luckow, 1993).

"Desmanthus pernambucanus differs from the other species of the virgatus complex in having fewer pinnae, and fewer, larger leaflets than either D. leptophyllus or D. virgatus, and in the nyctinastic leaf movements.  Desmanthus virgatus has shorter petioles and usually more pinnae, fruit dehiscence in which the valves become convex rather than concave, and generally a smaller stature"  (Luckow, 1993; pp. 113-117).

Habitat/ecology:  In its native range, "moist roadsides, ditches, and abandoned pastures, also common in coastal thickets and along the edges of marshes; on sandy, rocky, limestone and saline soils; 0-1500 m"  (Luckow, 1993; pp. 113-117). In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in dry, open, disturbed areas, 0-215 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 665; 1876). In Fiji (as Desmanthus virgatus), "perhaps originally introduced for cultivation but now sparingly naturalized along shores and in waste places near sea level" (Smith, 1985; p. 68).  In American Samoa (as Desmanthus virgatus), "uncommon near the airport on Tutuila" (Whistler, 1988; p. 23). In New Caledonia (as Desmanthus virgatus), "a peut-être quelque valeur fourragére mais se rencontre surtout en dehors des pâturages" (MacKee, 1994; p. 76).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  "Native to most islands in the Caribbean..., also in South America in Guyana, Surinam, Tobago, Trinidad, and along the coasts of northeastern Brazil; one collection from Uruguay; probably introduced and widely naturalized on islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, in southern Africa, southeast Asia, and Florida, U.S.A."  (Luckow, 1993; pp. 113-117).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 23) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1992) (voucher ID: PTBG 44170) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus pernambucanus
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 92) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 27) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993). Voucher cited: Falanruw 2196 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 92) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 92) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1956) (voucher ID: BISH 82190) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 33) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 593649) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 660431) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 92) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (pp. 6, 27) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 92) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (pp. 6, 27) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 92) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993). Voucher cited: Cherrier in MacKee 44080
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (pp. 6, 27) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993). Voucher cited: Cherrier in MacKee 44080
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 422286) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 660524) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 660525) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 660526) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Waguk, Erick E. (2000) (p. 6) Voucher: BMW 5769 (BISH, BRI, GUAM). As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 17) Voucher cited: Lorence 8135A (PTBG) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 62) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (2000) (voucher ID: BISH 687713) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 27717) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus pernambucanus (L.) Willd.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 92) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C. (1980) (p. 205) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993). Voucher cited: Falanruw 3212 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 660536) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (p. 68) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993). Voucher cited: DA 17038 Sparingly naturalized.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (p. 68) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993). Vouchers cited: Tothill 135, DA 10221, DA L.15791 Sparingly naturalized.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (p. 68) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993). Vouchers cited: Greenwood 1184, DA 4043, DA 4042 Sparingly naturalized.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39643) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus pernambucanus
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 4169 (PAP), J. Florence 6951 (PAP), J. Florence 8456 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 540435) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 558053) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 1000416) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1975) (voucher ID: PTBG 19251) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus pernambucanus
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: K. R. Wood 6419 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 27978) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus pernambucanus (L.) Thell.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 50) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 50) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) As Desmanthus virgatus (C. Linnaeus) C.L. Willdenow. Vouchers cited: J. Florence 2287 (PAP), W.A. Whistler & M. Guérin 30 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 492846) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1981) (voucher ID: PTBG 37297) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus pernambucanus (L.) Thell.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 10078 (PAP), J. Florence 10152 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raro‘ia Atoll	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves/Fourdrigniez, Marie (2008) (p. 14) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993). Adventice d'introduction européene.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikehau (Tikahau) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 7102 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikehau (Tikahau) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 546531) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 6064 (PAP), J. Florence 6182 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 552794) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 297) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993). Voucher cited: Stone 4182 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 92) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 82119) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1962) (voucher ID: BISH 154243) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 154244) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1957) (voucher ID: BISH 154245) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1963) (voucher ID: BISH 154246) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 572967) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 649576) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 660282) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 1000249) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 665)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 665)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 665)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank L. (2003) (p. 12) Voucher cited: Oppenheimer H40128 (BISH, PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 665)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 665)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 665)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 665)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced invasive	Toyoda, Takeshi (2003) (p. 283) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993). Naturalized
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Lifou	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 78) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993). Voucher cited: MacKee 5238
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Walpole	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 78) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993). Voucher cited: Cherrier in MacKee 44080
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 91) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 381) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993). Se rencontre surtout en dehors des pâturages.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 78) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993). Vouchers cited: Le Rat 1993, Franc 1313, Däniker 409a, Catala 66, MacDaniels 2043, Sarlin 77 s.loc., MacKee 3562, MacKee 8047, MacKee 30103, MacKee 37327
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1979) (voucher ID: BISH 664070) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 92) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 85)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 59)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1975) (voucher ID: BNM 10032) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1981) (voucher ID: BNM 3097) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 92) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 80) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 428412) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BNM 10014) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 80) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1981) (voucher ID: BNM 3127) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 80) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 416655) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 646947) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 91) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 65) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Midway Atoll	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 665)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Sand Island	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2008) (pp. B-7)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 92) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1969) (p. 10) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993). Voucher cited: McFarlane 74 (US)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 633243) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Êfaté (Efete) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 618520) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 91) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced invasive	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) Guangdong, Yunnan
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	introduced invasive	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1995) (voucher ID: PTBG 37926) Taxon name on voucher: Desmanthus pernambucanus (L.) Thell.
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Rodrigues Island	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Groupe d'Aldabra	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993). Voucher cited: Falanruw 3212 (US)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011) As Desmanthus virgatus but likely this species per Luckow (1993).

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	USA (Florida)	introduced invasive	Luckow, Melissa (1993) (p. 114) Naturalized.

Comments:  "In a recent monograph of Desmanthus (Luckow, 1993; pp. 113-117), species of the D. virgatus complex were reinterpreted.  The result is that the species naturalized on many Pacific islands, including the Hawaiian Islands, is now referred to D. pernambucanus" (Wagner & Herbst, 1995).

Quite weedy on Chuuk. Common along roadsides, extending into the forest.

First recorded in Guam (as Desmanthus virgatus) in 1964 per Stone (1970; p. 297).

Additional information:
Additional online information about Desmanthus pernambucanus is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Desmanthus pernambucanus as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Desmanthus pernambucanus may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 0. Voucher specimen #BNM10014(Otobed, D.O. PW-10014).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1975. Voucher specimen #BNM10032(Adelbai, H. PW-10032).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1981. Voucher specimen #BNM3127(Timberlake, J. 3127).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1981. Voucher specimen #BNM3097(Timberlake, J. 3097).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 154244 (Fosberg, F.R. 35224).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 572967 (Fosberg, F.R. 35224).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1956. Voucher specimen #BISH 82190 (Fosberg, F.R. 47714).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1957. Voucher specimen #BISH 154245 (Fosberg, F.R. 39274).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1962. Voucher specimen #BISH 154243 (Stone, B.C.M. 4182).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1963. Voucher specimen #BISH 154246 (Fosberg, F.R. 43498).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 82119 (Fosberg, F.R. 46266).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 660526 (Evans, M. 756).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 416655 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1439).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 422286 (Spence, G. 431).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 428412 (Otobed, D.O. PW-10014).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1979. Voucher specimen #BISH 664070 (MacKee, H.S. 37327).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 618520 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1688).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 660282 (Fosberg, F.R. 59827).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 660431 (Fosberg, F.R. 59855).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 660524 (Fosberg, F.R. 60353).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 660525 (Fosberg, F.R. 60195).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 660536 (Fosberg, F.R. 60032).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 492846 (Florence, J. 2287).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 558053 (Florence, J. 4169).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 593649 (Herbst, D.R. 6794).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 552794 (Florence, J. 6162).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 649576 (Herbst, D.R. 7200).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000249 (Herbst, D.R. 7200).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 546531 (Florence, J. 7102).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 646947 (N.L.Krauss 1797).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 540435 (Florence, J. 8456).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000416 (W.L.Wagner 6084).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1993. Voucher specimen #BISH 633243 (E.J.Funk Wake 10).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 2000. Voucher specimen #BISH 687713 (Waterhouse, B.M. BMW5769).

Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. 2011. Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP). (online resource).

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Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C. 1980. Noteworthy Micronesian plants 4. Micronesica 16(2):201-210.

Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1975. Vascular flora of the northern Marianas Islands. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 22:1-45.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1969. Wake Island vegetation and flora, 1961-1963. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 123. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 15 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.

Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe. 1996. Conséquences des introductions d'espèces animales et végétales sur la biodiversité en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 51:375-401.

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Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. 2002. Invasive/weedy angiosperms in Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Invasive species and their management. Micronesica Suppl. 6:61-65.

Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy. 2010. Checklist of the plants of Kosrae. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 26 pp.

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MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

Meyer, Jean-Yves/Fourdrigniez, Marie. 2008. Rapport de mission sur l'atoll de Raro‘ia (Tuamotu Centre) du 12 au 19 Octobre 2008: Inventaire preliminaire de la flore vasculaire. de l'avifaune terrestre & marine, et recommandations de conservation et de gestion [unpublished report]. Délégation à la Recherche, Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Recherche, B.P. 20981 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française. 24 pp.

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 1981. Voucher specimen #PTBG37297(Art Whistler W 4803).

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