Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth., Fabaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 7 (Go to the risk assessment)

Other Latin names:  Paraderris elliptica (Wall.) F. Adema; Pongamia elliptica Wallich

Common name(s): [more details]

Chamorro: bagin, tuba

Chuukese: up, up, uup, uup, uup, wuup

English: derris, poison vine, tubaroot

Fijian: duva ni vavalagi, nduva, nduva ni vavalangi

Kosraean: oop, op, up

Palauan: deris, dub, duub

Pohnpeian: einuhp, pei nuhb, peinuhp, peinuhpw en Pohnpei, sahl, uhp, uhpin Pohnpei, up, up kitik, upanai, upanyap, upin kitik, upkisetik

Rotuman: fuha niu kini

Yapese: yuub

Habit:  vine

Description:  "Scandent shrub or liane 5-12 m long, velvety pubescent; shoot apex often leafless for several meters. Leaves pinnate, 15-30 cm long, mostly with 11-15 leaflets; leaflets narrowly oblong-obovate, 4-25 cm long, rounded at base, entire, rounded to shortly acuminate, rusty-velvety, somewhat glabrescent, glaucous beneath; petiole 3-7 mm long. Flowers usually in stalked clusters of 3, combined into pseudorachemes 15-25 cm long, rusty pubescent. Calyx 6-8 mm long, shallowly toothed. Petals pink; standard 13-17 mm diam., with2 auricles at base, softly ferruginous-hairy outside; wings and keel with interlocking longitudinal folds. Fruit elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 3.5-7 cm long, flat, leathery, narrowly winged. Seeds 1-3, reniform, flat" (Du Puy, 1993; p. 210).

Habitat/ecology:  Cultivated and naturalized to 400 m in Fiji (Smith, 1985; pp. 167-168). Observed climbing over small trees and shrubs on Rota (Space, Waterhouse, Denslow & Nelson, 2000).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  India into Malesia. Introduced as a fish poison.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 36)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 635222) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 108)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 593208) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 36)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 108)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 154185) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Samuel, Poona (year unknown)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 108)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1935) (voucher ID: BISH 29150) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 108)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 154221) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 108)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 154223) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Murilo (Mwiriné) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 108)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 108)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll		Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. (1975) (p. 36) Voucher cited: Marshall 45 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namonuito (Namonweito, Nómwun Wiité) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 108)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 108)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 154216) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Udot Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 108)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Udot Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 154186) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Ulalu (Romonum) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 154224) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 108)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 154219) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 154220) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 108)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	native	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2005) (p. 17) Voucher cited: Lorence 9418 (PTBG)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 154218) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 435303) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 108)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 76) Voucher cited: Glassman 2568 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 95) Vouchers cited: M.J. Balick 3815 (NY, PTBG), M.J. Balick 3895 (NY, PTBG), M.J. Balick 4059 (NY, PTBG), M.J. Balick 4175 (NY), M.J. Balick 4185 (NY, PTBG), A. Dores 80 (BISH, NY, PTBG), E. Eperiam 26 (NY), F.R. Fosberg 26324 (BISH), R. Hobdy 1644 (BISH), E.Y. Hosaka 3513 (BISH), A. Raynor 79 (NY), F. Sohl 29 (NY, PTBG), L. Stemmermann 2963 (BISH), R.L. Ward s.n. (BISH) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 154217) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 154222) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 435305) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 496983) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 34653) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2024) (voucher ID: PTBG 34886) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1998) (voucher ID: PTBG 34543) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 108)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 29181) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1948) (voucher ID: BISH 154214) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 697352) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 614900) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 167-168) Vouchers cited: DA 16029, DA 14579, DA 10899
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 32848) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 32849) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1971) (voucher ID: BISH 448548) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced cultivated	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (pp. 330-331) Rarely cultivated.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 108)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Parker, James L./Parsons, Bobby (2012) (p. 60) Voucher cited: J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED42 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawaiian Islands	introduced cultivated	Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral/Imada, Clyde T. (2000) (p. 21)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced invasive	Toyoda, Takeshi (2003) (p. 281) Naturalized
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 108)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 85)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1981) (voucher ID: BNM 3113) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 108)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 80)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 154187) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 154215) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 80)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 80)
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago	cultivated	Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 243) Common throughout the Archipelago; lanted near houses and in gardens for use in fishing, and half-wild around plantation areas.
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (p. 299) In thickets along streams, secondary forsts, etc., at low and medium altitudes; often abundant.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 456086) Taxon name on voucher: Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Indonesia Indonesia	West Papua Province (Indonesia) (western New Guinea Island) (formerly Irian Jaya)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 18)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
India (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Andaman Islands	Andaman Islands	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
India (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Nicobar Islands	Nicobar Islands	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)

Comments:  Often confused with D. malaccensis.

Additional information:
Report (PDF format) from US Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Haleakala Field Station, Hawaii "Plants of Hawaii".
Poison vine (Derris elliptica): an alien plant report.
Information from the World Agroforestry Centre's AgroForestryTree Database.

Additional online information about Derris elliptica is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Derris elliptica as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Derris elliptica may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1981. Voucher specimen #BNM3113(Timberlake, J. 3113).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1935. Voucher specimen #BISH 29150 (Takamatsu, M. 74).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 29181 (Takamatsu, M. 1816).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 697352 (Takamatsu, M. 1816).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 614900 (St.John, H. 19618).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 154185 (Fosberg, F.R. 24733).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 154186 (Fosberg, F.R. 24495).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 154217 (Fosberg, F.R. 26324).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 154218 (Fosberg, F.R. 26547).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 154219 (Fosberg, F.R. 24436).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 154220 (Fosberg, F.R. 26023).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 154221 (Fosberg, F.R. 24513).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 154222 (Hosaka, E.Y. 3513).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1948. Voucher specimen #BISH 154214 (Wong, C.C.Y. 457).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 154187 (Fosberg, F.R. 32093).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 154216 (Anderson, D. 1078).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 154223 (Anderson, D. 2120).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 154215 (Beardsley, J.W.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 32849 (Koroiveibau, D. 14579).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 154224 (Stone, B.C.M. 5276).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 32848 (Parham, J.W. 16029).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1971. Voucher specimen #BISH 448548 (Weiner, M.A. MW-71-7-104).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 456086 (Kirch, P.V. 258).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 435303 (Stemmermann, R.L. 2654).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 435305 (Stemmermann, R.L. 2963).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 496983 (Hobdy, R.W. 1644).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 593208 (Herbst, D.R. 6662).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 635222 (Herbst, D.R. 7243).

Fosberg, F. R./Otobed, D./Sachet, M.-H./Oliver, R. L./Powell, D. A./Canfield, J. E. 1980. Vascular plants of Palau with vernacular names. Department of Botany, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 43 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.

Glassman, S. F. 1952. The flora of Ponape. Bishop Mus. Bull. 209: 1-152.

Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. 2010. Checklist of the vascular plants of Pohnpei with local names and uses. Allertonia, in press. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 146 pp.

ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre. 2011. International Legume Database & Information Service. Online searchable database.

Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy. 2005. Botanical survey of the Yela River valley, Kosrae, F.S.M. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, Hawaii. 19 pp.

Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. 1975. The natural history of Namoluk Atoll, eastern Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 189. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 53 pp + photos.

Merlin, M./Kigfas, A./Keene, T./Juvik, J. 1996. Giddi nge gakiiy nu Wa‘ab: Plants, People and Ecology in Yap State. Program on Environment, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, 121 pp.

Merrill, Elmer D. 1923. An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants, vol. 2 [reprint]. Bureau of Printing, Manila. 530 pp.

Mune, T. L./Parham, J. W. 1967. The declared noxious weeds of Fiji and their control. Third edition. Department of Agriculture, Fiji. Bulletin No. 48. 87 pp.

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 1997. Voucher specimen #PTBG34653(M. J. Balick 3815).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 1998. Voucher specimen #PTBG34543(M. J. Balick 3985).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2024. Voucher specimen #PTBG34886(F. Sohl 29).

Orchard, Anthony E., ed. 1993. Flora of Australia. Vol. 50, Oceanic islands 2. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Parker, James L./Parsons, Bobby. 2012. New plant records from the Big Island for 2009. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2011. Part II: Plants. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 113:55-63.

Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty]. 1984. Flora of the Bismarck Archipelago for naturalists. Office of Forests, Division of Botany, Lae, Papua New Guinea. 638 pp. ISBN 9980-66-000-7.

Raulerson, L. 2006. Checklist of Plants of the Mariana Islands. University of Guam Herbarium Contribution 37:1-69. .

Samuel, Poona. 0. Poona Samuel, pers. com.

Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 3. 758 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar. 2003. Report to the Republic of Palau on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 174 pp.

Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral/Imada, Clyde T. 2000. Survey of invasive or potentially invasive cultivated plants in Hawai‘i. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers No. 65. 35 pp.

Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.

Toyoda, Takeshi. 2003. Flora of the Bonin Islands. Aboc & Co. 522 pp.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.