(Hochst. ex Steud.) Stapf, Poaceae |
|
Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Primarily a threat at high elevations? no
Other Latin names: Panicum oxyphyllum Hochst. ex Steud.
Common name(s): [more details]
Chinese: jian ye gong guo shu |
English: long-leaf cyrtococcum grass, shining panicgrass |
Fijian: osalasala, thovatu |
Habit: grass
Description: "Perennial, the culms ascending from a slender creeping base, 15-45 cm high; leaf blades 2.5-10 cm or more long, 3-12 mm broad; panicle dense, narrow, 2.5-10 cm long, the branches ascending to erect, 1.5-38. cm long; spikelets alike, asymmetrical, compressed, glabrous, awnless, falling entire, 1.5-2 mm long, light brown in color." (Smith, 1979)"Creeping perennial, culms prostrate and rooting at the nodes, erect portions to 60 cm tall, internodes cylindrical or slightly flattened, hollow with irregular strips of pith remnants appressed to the culm wall, glabrous, the nodes glabrous or appressed-pubescent. Leaves with sheaths slightly keeled toward the tip, glabrous to pubescent and ciliate, often with a few auricular cilia, collar glabrous; ligule 0.7-1.1 mm long, minutely ciliolate; longest blades 6-20 cm long, 4-15 mm wide, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, the base narrowed, slightly asymmetrical, glabrous to sparsely pubescent, usually puberulent behind the ligule, margin minutely scabrous, sometimes ciliate in the lower half. Panicle 5-20 cm long, the branches usually appressed to ascending, usually sparsely pilose, sometimes merely scabrid, the lower branches naked up to 1/2 their lengths, the tips of the pedicels often with a few spicules, the pulvini pilose, rarely glabrous. Spikelets 1.7-2.2 mm long, glabrous, rarely pubescent, green or purplish to reddish-brown at maturity; lower glume 1.1-1.6 mm long, 3-nerved; upper glume 1.6-1.7 mm long, 3-nerved; lower floret with lemma 5-nerved, palea absent or rudimentary; upper floret 1.4-1.8 mm long, 0.8-1.1 mm wide, smooth; anthers 0.8-0.9 mm long. Caryopsis 1-1.2 mm long, 0.6-0.7 mm wide" (Dassanayake, 1994; pp. 140-142).
Description from GrassBase.
Habitat/ecology: In Fiji, "a minor weed of coconut plantations" (Smith, 1979; pp. 351, 353). In Samoa, "occasional in sunny, disturbed places" (Whistler, 1988; p. 49). In Ceylon, "in forest shade at elevations of 100-1400 m" (Dassanayake, 1994; pp. 140-142).
Propagation: Seed
Native range: Indo-Malesia. An early introduction into the Pacific (Whistler, 1988; p. 49). Fosberg et al. (1987; p. 35) list as native in Micronesia.
Presence:
Pacific | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
American Samoa
Manua Islands |
Ofu Island |
Whistler, W. A. (1990)
Vouchers cited: Garber 975, Whistler 3815 |
|
American Samoa
Manua Islands |
Tau Island |
Whistler, W. A. (1990)
Vouchers cited: Harris 166, Whistler 1393 |
|
American Samoa
Manua Islands |
Tau Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1990) (voucher ID: PTBG 10391)
Taxon name on voucher: Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum |
|
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Rarotonga Island |
McCormack, Gerald (2013)
? |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Weno (Moen) Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35) |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Kandavu Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 351, 353)
Voucher cited: DA 9067 |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Koro Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 351, 353) |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Mango Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 351, 353) |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Matuku Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 351, 353) |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Mbatiki Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 351, 353) |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Moala Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 351, 353) |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Moturiki Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 351, 353) |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Naitamba Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 351, 353) |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Ngau Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 351, 353)
Vouchers cited: Macgillivray s. n., Smith 7922 |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Ovalau Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 351, 353)
Voucher cited: Seemann 693 |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Totoya Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 351, 353) |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Vanua Levu Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 351, 353)
Vouchers cited: Seemann 693, Greenwood 165A, DA 8795, Degener & Ordonez 14037, DA 16880 |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Vanua Mbalavu Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 351, 353) |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Viti Levu Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 351, 353)
Vouchers cited: Smith 4283, Degener 15231, DA 13981, DA 8416, DA 1611, Smith 7147, DA 16528, Meebold 17098 |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Yasawas Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 351, 353)
Voucher cited: St. John 18127 |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Bora Bora Island |
introduced
invasive |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 333)
Voucher cited: Grant 4918 |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Huahine Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Voucher cited: J. Florence & R. Tahuaitu 11679 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Moorea Island |
introduced
invasive |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 333)
Voucher cited: Florence 4947 |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Moorea Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Voucher cited: J. Florence 4947 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 333)
Vouchers cited: Moore 143, Florence 3799 |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Vouchers cited: J. Florence 3705 (PAP), J. Florence 3799 (PAP), P. Morat 7008 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahaa Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Voucher cited: J. Florence 5308 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Voucher cited: J. Florence 5308 (PAP) Adventice |
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
native
|
Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 7) |
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
abo. intro. |
Sykes, W. R. (1970) (pp. 238-239)
Voucher cited: CHR 168745 |
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
abo. intro. |
Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 49)
Uncommon |
Palau
Palau (Belau ) (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35) |
Palau
Palau (Belau ) (main island group) |
Koror (Oreor) Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35) |
Papua New Guinea
Bismarck Archipelago |
New Britain Island |
Burcham, L. T. (1948) (p. 418)
Voucher cited: Burcham 139 (US) |
|
Papua New Guinea
Bougainville Islands |
Bougainville Island | Foreman, D. B. (1971) (p. 25) | |
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) |
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Philippines
Philippine Islands |
Philippine Islands | Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 65) | |
Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Western Samoa Islands | Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 49) | |
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands |
Solomon Islands | Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 91) | |
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands |
Solomon Islands |
native
|
Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 63) |
Tonga
Haapai Group |
Tofua Island |
introduced
abo. intro. |
Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 98)
Vouchers cited: Hotta 4336, Scarth-Johnson 107 |
Tonga
Tonga Islands |
Tonga Islands |
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 60)
"Occasional throughout Tonga" |
|
Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
Eua Island |
introduced
abo. intro. |
Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 98)
Vouchers cited: Soakai 339, Syskes 266, Palmer 146, Whistler 5984, Whistler 6459, Whistler 7186, Whistler 7231, Martin 19 |
Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
Tongatapu Island |
introduced
abo. intro. |
Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 98)
Vouchers cited: Moseley (n.s.), Yuncker 15234, Whistler 6457 |
Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
Tongatapu Island |
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 60)
Voucher cited: Yuncker 15234 |
|
Tonga
Vavau Group |
Late Island |
introduced
|
Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 352) |
Tonga
Vavau Group |
Late Island |
introduced
abo. intro. |
Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 98)
Vouchers cited: Hotta 4824! (cf. 4826), Buelow & Sykes 101 |
Tonga
Vavau Group |
Niuafoou Island |
introduced
abo. intro. |
Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 98)
Voucher cited: Whistler 6413 |
Tonga
Vavau Group |
Tafahi Island |
introduced
abo. intro. |
Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 98)
Vouchers cited: Hurlimann 436, Whistler 6268 |
Tonga
Vavau Group |
Vavau Island |
introduced
abo. intro. |
Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 98)
Vouchers cited: Barclay s.n., Crosby 197, Yuncker 16047, Yuncker 16152, Soakai 1057 |
Tonga
Vavau Group |
Vavau Island |
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 60)
Vouchers cited: Yuncker 16047, Yuncker 16152 |
|
Vanuatu
New Hebrides Islands |
Vanuatu (Republic of) | Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 91) | |
Wallis and Futuna
Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands |
Wallis (Uvea) Island |
native
|
Morat, Ph./Veillon, J.-M. (1985)
Morat & Veillon, 1985, cited in Meyer, 2007 |
Wallis and Futuna
Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands |
Wallis and Futuna Islands | Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 49) |
Pacific Rim | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Queensland |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Cambodia
Cambodia |
Cambodia (Kingdom of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
China
China |
China (People's Republic of) |
native
|
Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013)
Damp places in shade. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan |
Indonesia
Indonesia |
Indonesia (Republic of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Malaysia
Malaysia |
Malaysia (country of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Vietnam
Vietnam |
Vietnam (Socialist Republic of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Comments: Not common in Niue and Tonga (Whistler, 1988; p. 49).
See also Cyrtococcum patens.
Control: If you know of control methods for Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum, please let us know.