Cyperus rotundus L., Cyperaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  Reject, score: 13 (Go to the risk assessment)

Other Latin names:  Chlorocyperus rotundus (L.) Palla; Cyperus purpuro-variegatus Boeckeler; Cyperus stoloniferum pallidus Boeckeler; Cyperus tetrastachyos Desf.; Cyperus tuberosus Roxb

Common name(s): [more details]

Bikol: boto-botonis

Chamorro: chaguan humatag

Chinese: xiang fu zi

English: cocograss, nut grass, nut sedge, purple nutsedge, red nut sedge

Fijian: ivako, malanga, mot ha, soranakambani, soro ni kabani, soronakambani, vucesa, vuthesa

French: herbe à oignon, herbe à oignons, souchet à tubercules, souchet d'Asie, souchet en forme d'olive, souchet rond

Hawaiian: kili‘o‘opu, mau‘u mokae

I-Kiribati: te mumute, te mutemute

Iloko: balisanga

Japanese: hamasuge

Maori (Cook Islands): matie ‘ōniāni, mauku ‘ōniāni, ‘ōniāni lau, ‘ōniāni rau, ‘ōniāni tita

Marshallese: tuteoneon, tutueoneon

Nauruan: ibugibugi

Palauan: tamanengi

Pampangan: mala-apulid, sur-sur

Samoan: mumuta

Spanish: almendra de tierra, castañuela, cebollín, chufa, coco, coquillo, coquillo purpura, coquito, cortadera, juncia real

Tagalog: mutha

Tokelauan: mumuta

Tongan: pakopako

Tuvaluan: mouku, muta

Habit:  sedge

Description:  "Perennial herb with long rhizomes; sometimes tuberous; culms up to 60 cm tall; leaves 2-6 mm wide; spikes ovate, on rays to 6 cm long; spikelets linear, 1-2 cm long, 12-30-flowered, the rachilla winged; scales purplish, carinate, obtuse; achene sub-obovoid, trigonal, 1.5 mm long, black, minutely papillate" (Stone, 1970; p. 167).

Habitat/ecology:  "The species is found in cultivated fields, on roadsides, in neglected areas, and at the edges of woods, and it may cover the banks of irrigation canals and streams.  The plant does not tolerate shade.  The dormant tubers remain viable, however, and as soon as an opening again appears, the sedge begins to infest the area.  The species is found on all soil types and from sea level to high mountains.  It is sensitive to shade and grows in wet and dry soils and climates.  In cool areas or in waterlogged soils it grows slowly, flowers little, and produces few tubers.  It dies back, becomes quiescent, and is carried through extremely dry periods by the tuber system which draws its water from a root system that may penetrate deeply into the soil"  (Holm et al., 1977; p. 10).  "A cosmopolitan weedy sedge, growing in farmlands, grasslands, and sandy or gravelly shores, riverbanks, and waste places" (Wiggins & Porter, 1971). "It is a major weed of cultivated crops and of gardens, but only a minor weed elsewhere.  It is encouraged by frequent cultivation and grows best in moist fertile soils."  (Swarbrick, 1997)  Does not grow well in shade. Prevalent in disturbed areas and lawns. Very persistent once established.

In Hawai‘i, "naturalized and common in disturbed areas, 0-800m"  (Wagner et al., 1999).  In Fiji, "an abundant naturalized weed, occurring near sea level on cultivated land, along roadsides, on plantations and in cane fields, as well as along the seashore"  (Smith, 1979).  In New Guinea, "a weed of gardens, field crops, waste land and pastures; particularly troublesome in any form of cultivation which requires clean, unshaded soil. Spread is usually rather slow, but once established the plant is persistent" (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p 32). In Tonga, "in open grassy areas" (Yuncker, 1959). In New Caledonia, "mauvaise herbe parfois gênante dans les jardins" (MacKee, 1994).

Propagation:  Tubers and rhizomes; seed occasionally.  "The seeds are distributed by wind or sheet erosion, transported in mid, or floated onto fields by flooding streams or with irrigation water" (Holm et al., 1977; p. 19-20).

Native range:  Eurasia

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island	introduced	Ragone, Diane/Lorence, David H. (2003) (p. 49)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 35332) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 45)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Whistler 1369
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 34745) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1983) (p. 17) Voucher cited: Whistler 3429
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 430438) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 34)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced	Pickard, J. (1984) (p. 204)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 22) Voucher cited: J. Pickard 2698 (NSW)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 11) Vouchers cited: W.R. Sykes NI 502 (CHR), W.R. Sykes NI 505 (CHR)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 637068) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 1000090) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 68)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 110618) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 68)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 68)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 572590) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Penrhyn (Tongareva) Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 74)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1960) (voucher ID: BISH 10199) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 80)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 86)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 92)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 97)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 66)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 110339) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 26)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 62)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 68)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 42) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 68)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 39551) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 249) Voucher cited: DA 9076
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 249) Vouchers cited: DA 8913, DA 5733
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 249) Vouchers cited: DA 8734, DA 8852
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 249) Vouchers cited: DA 8549, Greenwood 415, DA 8186, DA 8650, DA 7908, DA 701, DA 11087, DA 10957
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: B. Huguenin s.n. (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 1000638) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 6928 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 542905) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2004) (voucher ID: PTBG 42492) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: S.P. Perlman , K.R. Wood & J.-P. Luce 15948 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 26311) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 18) Voucher cited: Fosberg 64844 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1981) (voucher ID: BISH 491097) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 315) Voucher cited: BRY 26557
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 315) Voucher cited: BRY 26028
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 37)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 2251 (PAP), J. Florence 2505 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491104) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491105) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1994) (voucher ID: BISH 639572) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai Island	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 14) Voucher cited: Sachet 1981 (US)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Hao (Hau) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J.Florence 3059 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491107) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J.Florence 10100 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 633871) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raro‘ia Atoll	introduced invasive	Doty, Maxwell S. (1954) (p. 37)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raro‘ia Atoll	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves/Fourdrigniez, Marie (2008) (p. 16) Adventice d'introduction européene.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 15) Voucher cited: Sachet 2047 (US)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikehau (Tikahau) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J.Florence 7085 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 167) Vouchers cited: Stone 5144 (GUAM), Gregor 445, Moore 156
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 68)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1911) (voucher ID: BISH 110612) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 588309) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	French Frigate Shoals	introduced invasive	Strong, Mark T./Wagner, Warren L. (1997) (p. 42) Vouchers cited: Herbst & Takeuchi 9053 (BISH), Herbst & Takeuchi 9076 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1399)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1399)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kure Atoll	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1399)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kure Atoll	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2001) (p. 11) Rare in exposed areas near the quarters.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1399)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1399)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Hughes, Guy D'Oyly (1995) (p. 4) Voucher cited: Hughes 14 (US) Common in lawns and disturbed lowland sites.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1399)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1399)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Tern Island	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim (1999) (p. 6) A common pest in gardens, this plant can be observed near the main building.
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands		Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Kiribati Line Islands	Kiritimati (Christmas) Atoll		Chock, Alvin K./Hamilton, Jr., Dean C. (1962) (p. 3) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 12172, Fosberg 13282 (BISH)
Kiribati Line Islands	Kiritimati (Christmas) Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 18)
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 18)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 22) Vouchers cited: Degener 21413 (US), Fosberg 55717 (US), Clapp P-71-32 (US)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced	Luomala, Katharine (1951) (p. 172)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 10) Voucher: Imada 2003-144 (BISH 697757)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (2003) (voucher ID: BISH 697757) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 10) Voucher: Imada 2003-75 (BISH 697690)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (2003) (voucher ID: BISH 697690) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Maiana Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 10) Voucher: Imada 2003-77 (BISH 697692)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Maiana Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (2003) (voucher ID: BISH 697692) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 68)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 10)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 31251) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll	introduced invasive	Lamberson, J. O. (1982) (p. 15)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 412172) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 412183) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 68)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 8) Voucher cited: Fosberg 39478a (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 38918) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 68)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 74) Vouchers cited: Wagner 3376, Fosberg 31200, Fosberg 39497, Fosberg 48036, Herbst 8950, Herbst 9024, Herbst 9630, Whistler 11161, Whistler 11245
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 5) Voucher cited: Fosberg 31200 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 38857) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 526969) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 561270) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 561271) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 631429) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 68)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Anderson, Donald (1951) (p. ii) Voucher cited: Anderson 3674
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 2) Not observed on 2007 survey.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2009) (p. 4) Voucher cited: Vander Velde 0628200901
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 110615) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 571799) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 68)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 421862) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 38)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 34)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Maloelap Atoll		Imada, Clyde (2006)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Wotje (Wõjjã) Atoll	introduced	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2009) (p. 1) Voucher cited: Vander Velde 0513200911
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 68)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (pp. 50-51) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58686 (US), Scully 149N (US?), Thaman & Manner 89 (SUVA)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Lifou	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 48) Voucher cited: MacKee 28333
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Ouvéa (Ouvea Atoll)	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 48) Voucher cited: Däniker 2170
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 380) Rudérale, nombreuses localités
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 48) Vouchers cited: Vieillard 1432, MacKee 18330, MacKee 25266, Hoff 2080 (NOU)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 48) Voucher cited: MacKee 23459
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Kermadec Islands	introduced invasive	Healy, A. J./Edgar, E. (1980) (p. 189)
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1977) (p. 159)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 227) Vouchers cited: CHR 150612, CHR 150614
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 42)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 51)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 26) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9939 (BISH) "Common dooryard and waste area weed".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 41)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 68)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 88)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 110617) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 85)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 80)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 80)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngercheu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92) Carp Resort
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 80)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 90)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 21)
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago		Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 56)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	invasive	Henty, E. E./Pritchard, G. H. (1975) (p. 32) From low altitudes to at least 1800 m.
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Merrill, Elmer D. (1925) (pp. 107-108) In open areas at low and medium altitudes. Common in lawns, along roads, and in waste places.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 70)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1931) (voucher ID: BISH 110435) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1931) (voucher ID: BISH 110442) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 66)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 29016) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 110443) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1904) (voucher ID: BISH 110444) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 62)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced invasive	Shine, C./Reaser, J. K./Gutierrez, A. T., eds. (2003) (p. 166) Moderate invader.
Tokelau Tokelau Islands	Tokelau Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 91)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘afeva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 640420) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Kotu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 440420) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 70) "Common throughout Tonga".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 70) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15417
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 110441) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 52)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 84) Voucher cited: Ilolahia 78
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 70) Voucher cited: Hürlmann 326
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 65)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 84) Vouchers cited: Soakai 772, Whistler 6042
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Burkill, I. H. (1900) (p. 59)
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Tuvalu Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 91)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Johnston Atoll	Johnston Island	introduced invasive	Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. (1976) (p. 53)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Johnston Atoll	Johnston Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 640934) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Midway Atoll	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1399)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Sand Island	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2008) (pp. B-7)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Palmyra Atoll	Palmyra Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (2002) (voucher ID: BISH 686011) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 68)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1969) (p. 6) Vouchers cited: Sachet 890 (US), McFarlane 67 (US)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 5) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 34933 (US), Fosberg 34948 (US)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 633254) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1994) (voucher ID: BISH 659983) Taxon name on voucher: Cyperus rotundus L.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Shine, C./Reaser, J. K./Gutierrez, A. T., eds. (2003) (p. 179)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (p. 25)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 42)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands	introduced invasive	Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2010) Envahissant principalement dans les milieux perturbés

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	New South Wales	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 21, 24)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 21, 24)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Chile (continental) Chile	Chile (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 21, 24)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced invasive	Li-ying, Li/Ren, Wang/Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (pp. 172, 178)
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 311) In waste places.
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 21, 24)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 117-118)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 117-118)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 117-118)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 21, 24)
South Korea South Korea	South Korea (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 117)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 21, 24)
Negara Brunei Darussalam Brunei	Brunei (Negara Brunei Darussalam)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Healy, A. J./Edgar, E. (1980) (p. 189)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 117-118)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 117-118)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 21, 24)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	uncertain if introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 31) Weed of uncertain origin
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 118)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 112)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		Stoddart, D. R./Taylor, J. D., eds. (1971) (p. 146) Voucher cited: Stoddart 819 (K, US)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. Arthur (1996) (p. 23)
Maldives Maldive Islands	Malè Atoll		Fosberg, F. R. (1957) (p. 13) Voucher cited: Fosberg 36840 (US)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 21, 24)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Agalega Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Stoddart, D. R. (1983) (p. 120)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Alphonse Island		Robertson, I. A. D./Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 180) Voucher cited: Robertson 2879 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Coetivy Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 149) Voucher cited: Robertson 3104 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 50) Voucher cited: Robertson 2723

Comments:  Mostly a pest of agriculture and lawns, but can be invasive in disturbed habitats. On New Zealand noxious weed list and banned from sale in that country. A pest plant on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) (Swarbrick, 1997; p. 112).

Control: 

Physical: A closed canopy will shade it out. "Controlled by thick, black, plastic mulches, but not by organic mulches. Only slightly affected by competitive crops. Hand weeding, chipping and cultivation only effective in dry soils, where they only keep it in check. Feeding by poultry and pigs is said to give control. It is able to tolerate shade and drought, but only grows well in reasonable light and in moist fertile soils" (Swarbrick, 1997; p. 112).

Chemical: Susceptible to: 1) fumigants, including methyl bromide, DD and chloropicrin at standard concentrations; 2) residual herbicides, including bromacil, EPTC, hexazinone, terbacil, pebulate and vernolate at standard rates; 3) translocated herbicides, including glyphosate, amitrole, DSMA, MSMA and 2,4-D, although control is often disappointing" (Swarbrick, 1997; p. 112).

Biological: "Many attempts have been made at biological control, but no significant improvement appears to have resulted" (Waterhouse and Norris, 1987; pp. 300-307).

Additional information:
Fact sheet from the University of Florida Extension Service. (PDF format)
NRCS Plant Guide

Additional online information about Cyperus rotundus is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Cyperus rotundus as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Cyperus rotundus may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. 1976. The natural history of Johnston Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 192. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 479 pp.

Anderson, Donald. 1951. The plants of Arno Atoll, Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 7. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 4 pp. + 7 pp. appendix.

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1904. Voucher specimen #BISH 110444 (Vaupel 53).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1911. Voucher specimen #BISH 110612 (McGregor, R.C. 445).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 110443 (Eames, A.J. 69).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 110339 (Wilder, G.P. 1069).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1931. Voucher specimen #BISH 110435 (Christophersen, E. 2650).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1931. Voucher specimen #BISH 110442 (Christophersen, E. 2977).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 39551 (Takamatsu, M. 1827).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 110618 (Fosberg, F.R. 24946).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 421862 (St.John, H. 21751).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 110615 (Anderson, D. 3674).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 110617 (Fosberg, F.R. 31972).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 571799 (Anderson, D. 3674).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 110441 (Yuncker, T.G. 15417).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 38857 (Fosberg, F.R. 39497).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 38918 (Fosberg, F.R. 39478A).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1960. Voucher specimen #BISH 10199 (Krauss, N.L.H. 485).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1966. Voucher specimen #BISH 561270 (Fosberg, F.R. 48048).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1966. Voucher specimen #BISH 561271 (Fosberg, F.R. 48039).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 640934 (P.C.Shelton 452).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 31251 (Adair, F. GLBT/231/FA).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 29016 (Bristol, M.L. 2492).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 412172 (Lamberson, J.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 412183 (Lamberson, J.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 430438 (Whistler, W.A. W 3429).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 588309 (Fosberg, F.R. 59840).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1981. Voucher specimen #BISH 491097 (Florence, J. 2123).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 440420 (G.Buelow 3250).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 491104 (Florence, J. 2505).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 491105 (Florence, J. 2251).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 491107 (Florence, J. 3059).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 640420 (Buelow, G. 3250).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 542905 (Florence, J. 6928).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 637068 (Herbst, D.R. 7260).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000090 (Herbst, D.R. 7260).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 572590 (San Nicolas, M. LR10023).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 526969 (Herbst, D.R. 8950).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000638 (W.L.Wagner 6130).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 633871 (Florence 10100).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1993. Voucher specimen #BISH 631429 (Herbst, D.R. 9630).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1993. Voucher specimen #BISH 633254 (E.J.Funk Wake 21).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1994. Voucher specimen #BISH 639572 (Welsh, S. 26028).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1994. Voucher specimen #BISH 659983 (Herbst, D.R. 9692).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 2002. Voucher specimen #BISH 686011 (C.Depkin 4).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 2003. Voucher specimen #BISH 697690 (C.Imada 2003-75).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 2003. Voucher specimen #BISH 697692 (C.Imada 2003-77).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 2003. Voucher specimen #BISH 697757 (C.Imada 2003-145).

Burkill, I. H. 1900. The flora of Vavau, one of the Tonga Islands, with a short account of its vegetation by Charles Steele Crosby. Lin. Jour. Bot. 35:20-65.

Charles Darwin Foundation. 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos. Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos, Ecuador.

Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

Chock, Alvin K./Hamilton, Jr., Dean C. 1962. Plants of Christmas Island. Atoll Res. Bull. 90. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 7 pp.

Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore. 273 pp.

Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France. 2010. Les espéces envahissantes en outre-mer (online resource).

Doty, Maxwell S. 1954. Floristic and Ecological Notes on Raroia Atoll, Tuamotus. Land biota: vascular plants. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 33. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 41 pp.

Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. 2011. Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP). (online resource).

Fosberg, F. R. 1955. Northern Marshall Islands Expedition, 1951-1952. Land biota: vascular plants. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 39. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 22 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1957. The Maldive Islands, Indian Ocean. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 58. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 37 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1962. Vascular plants recorded from Jaluit Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 92. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 39 pp.

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